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   https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1499  

   Lin, Zhe-Yu Daniel ; Li, Zhi-Yun ; Yang, Haifeng ; Looney, Leslie ; Stephens, Ian ; Hull, Charles L ( July 2020 , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society)

   ABSTRACT A number of young circumstellar discs show strikingly ordered (sub)millimetre polarization orientations along the minor axis, which is strong evidence for polarization due to scattering by ∼0.1 mm-sized grains. To test this mechanism further, we model the ALMA dust continuum and polarization data of HD 163296 using radmc-3d. We find that scattering by grains with a maximum size of 90  μm simultaneously reproduces the polarization observed at Band 7 and the unusually low spectral index (α ∼ 1.5) between Bands 7 and 6 in the optically thick inner disc as a result of more efficient scattering at the shorter wavelength. The low spectral index of ∼2.5 inferred for the optically thin gaps is reproduced by the same grains, as a result of telescope beam averaging of the gaps (with an intrinsic α ∼ 4) and their adjacent optically thick rings (where α ≲ 2). The tension between the grain sizes inferred from polarization and spectral index disappears because the low α values do not require large mm-sized grains. In addition, the polarization fraction has a unique azimuthal variation: higher along the major axis than the minor axis in the gaps, but vice versa in the rings. We find a rapidlymore »declining polarization spectrum (with p ∝ λ−3 approximately) in the gaps, which becomes flattened or even inverted towards short wavelengths in the optically thick rings. These contrasting behaviours in the rings and gaps provide further tests for scattering-induced polarization via resolved multiwavelength observations.« less
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   https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12028  

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   https://doi.org/10.1364/OSAC.422541  

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   https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078957  

   Fu, H. Y. ; Scales, W. A. ; Bernhardt, P. A. ; Jin, Y. Q. ; Briczinski, S. J. ( September 2018 , Geophysical Research Letters)