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Users of search systems often reformulate their queries by adding query terms to reflect their evolving information need or to more precisely express their information need when the system fails to surface relevant content. Analyzing these query reformulations can inform us about both system and user behavior. In this work, we study a special category of query reformulations that involve specifying demographic group attributes, such as gender, as part of the reformulated query (e.g., “olympic 2021 soccer results” → “olympic 2021 women‘s soccer results”). There are many ways a query, the search results, and a demographic attribute such as gender may relate, leading us to hypothesize different causes for these reformulation patterns, such as under-representation on the original result page or based on the linguistic theory of markedness. This paper reports on an observational study of gender-specializing query reformulations—their contexts and effects—as a lens on the relationship between system results and gender, based on large-scale search log data from Bing. We find that these reformulations sometimes correct for and other times reinforce gender representation on the original result page, but typically yield better access to the ultimately-selected results. The prevalence of these reformulations—and which gender they skew towards—differ by topical context. However, we do not find evidence that either group under-representation or markedness alone adequately explains these reformulations. We hope that future research will use such reformulations as a probe for deeper investigation into gender (and other demographic) representation on the search result page.
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Compute and Visualize Discontinuity Among Neighboring Integral Curves of 2D Vector Fields
This paper studies the discontinuity in the behavior of neighboring integral curves. The discontinuity is measured by a number of selected attributes of integral curves. A variety of attribute fields are defined. The attribute value at any given spatio-temporal point in these fields is assigned by the attribute of the integral curve that passes through this point. This encodes the global behavior of integral curves into a number of scalar fields in an Eulerian fashion, which differs from the previous pathline attribute approach that focuses on the discrete representation of individual pathlines. With this representation, the discontinuity of the integral curve behavior now corresponds to locations in the derived fields where the attribute values have sharp gradients. We show that based on the selected attributes, the extracted discontinuity from the corresponding attribute fields may relate to a number of flow features, such as LCS, vortices, and cusp-like seeding curves. In addition, we study the correlations among different attributes via their pairwise scatter plots. We also study the behavior of the combined attribute fields to understand the spatial correlation that cannot be revealed by the scatter plots. Finally, we integrate our attribute field computation and their discontinuity detection into an interactive system to guide the exploration of various 2D flows.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1352722
- PAR ID:
- 10178848
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Topological Methods in Data Analysis and Visualization
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 187-203
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Conference Paper:
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44684-4_11
