Comparing non-destructive 3D X-ray computed tomography with destructive optical microscopy for microstructural characterization of fiber reinforced composites

Hanhan, Imad; Agyei, Ronald; Xiao, Xianghui; Sangid, Michael D.

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.107843

Abstract Shortly after 0600 UTC (midnight MDT) on 9 June 2020, a rapidly intensifying and elongating convective system produced a macroburst and extensive damage in the town of Akron on Colorado’s eastern Plains. Instantaneous winds were measured as high as 51.12 m s −1 at 2.3 m AGL from an eddy covariance (EC) tower, and a 50.45 m s −1 wind gust from an adjacent 10-m tower became the highest official thunderstorm wind gust ever measured in Colorado. Synoptic-scale storm motion was southerly, but surface winds were northerly in a post-frontal airmass, creating strong vertical wind shear. Extremely high-resolution temporal and spatial observations allow for a unique look at pressure and temperature tendencies accompanying the macroburst and reveal intriguing wave structures in the outflow. At 10-Hz frequency, the EC tower recorded a 5-hPa pressure surge in 19 seconds immediately following the strongest winds, and a 15-hPa pressure drop in the following three minutes. Surface temperature also rose 1.5°C in less than one minute, concurrent with the maximum wind gusts, and then fell sharply by 3.5°C in the following minute. Shifting wind direction observations and an NWS damage survey are suggestive of both radial outflow and a gust front passage, and model proximity soundings reveal a well-mixed surface layer topped by a strong inversion and large low-level vertical wind shear. Despite the greatest risk of severe winds forecast to be northeast of Colorado, convection-allowing model forecasts from 6-18 h in advance did show similar structures to what occurred, warranting further simulations to investigate the unique mesoscale and misoscale features associated with the macroburst.

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