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1. Throwing MUD into the FOG: Defending IoT and Fog by expanding MUD to Fog network

   Andalibi, Vafa; Kim, DongInn; Camp, Jean (July 2021, HotEdge: A Usenix ATC Workshop)

   null (Ed.)

   Manufacturer Usage Description (MUD) is a proposed IETF standard enabling local area networks (LAN) to automatically configure their access control when adding a new IoT device based on the recommendations provided for that device by the manufacturer. MUD has been proposed as an isolation-based defensive mechanism with a focus on devices in the home, where there is no dedicated network administrator. In this paper, we describe the efficacy of MUD for a generic IoT device under different threat scenarios in the context of the Fog. We propose a method to use rate limiting to prevent end devices from participating in denial of service attacks (DDoS), including against the Fog itself. We illustrate our assumptions by providing a possible real world example and describe the benefits for MUD in the Fog for various stakeholders. 

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2. Cold Fog Amongst Complex Terrain

   https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-22-0030.1  

   Pu, Z; Pardyjak, E; Hoch, S; Gultepe, I; Hallar, A G; Perelet, A; Beal, R; Carrillo-Cardenas, G; Li, X; Garcia, M; et al (November 2023, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society)
3. Fog Intermittency and Critical Behavior

   https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050875  

   Huang, Kelly Y.; Katul, Gabriel G.; Hintz, Thomas J.; Ruiz-Plancarte, Jesus; Wang, Qing; Fernando, Harindra J. (May 2023, Atmosphere)

   The intermittency of fog occurrence (the switching between fog and no-fog) is a key stochastic feature that plays a role in its duration and the amount of moisture available. Here, fog intermittency is studied by using the visibility time series collected during the month of July 2022 on Sable Island, Canada. In addition to the visibility, time series of air relative humidity and turbulent kinetic energy, putative variables akin to the formation and breakup conditions of fog, respectively, are also analyzed in the same framework to establish links between fog intermittency and the underlying atmospheric variables. Intermittency in the time series is quantified with their binary telegraph approximations to isolate clustering behavior from amplitude variations. It is shown that relative humidity and turbulent kinetic energy bound many stochastic features of visibility, including its spectral exponent, clustering exponent, and the growth of its block entropy slope. Although not diagnostic, the visibility time series displays features consistent with Pomeau–Manneville Type-III intermittency in its quiescent phase duration PDF scaling (−3/2), power spectrum scaling (−1/2), and signal amplitude PDF scaling (−2). The binary fog time series exhibits properties of self-organized criticality in the relation between its power spectrum scaling and quiescent phase duration distribution. 

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4. Hierarchical Capacity Provisioning for Fog Computing

   https://doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2019.2906638  

   Kiani, Abbas; Ansari, Nirwan; Khreishah, Abdallah (June 2019, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking)
5. Similarity in Fog and Rainfall Intermittency

   https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078837  

   Räsänen, M.; Chung, M.; Katurji, M.; Pellikka, P.; Rinne, J.; Katul, G. G. (October 2018, Geophysical Research Letters)