Abstract Perovskites have emerged as a forerunner of electronics research due to their vast potential for optoelectronic applications. The numerous combinations of constituent ions and the potential for doping of perovskites lead to a high demand to track the underlying electronic properties. Solution‐based electrochemistry is particularly promising for detailed and facile assessment of perovskites. Here, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) thin films is performed and model them with an equivalent circuit that accounts for solvent, ionic, and thin film effects. A dielectric constant consistent with prior AC studies and a diffusion constant harmonious with cation motion in MAPbI3are extracted. An electrical double layer thickness in the perovskite film of 54 nm is obtained, consistent with lithium doping in perovskite films. Comparing the EIS and equivalent circuit model of perovskite films to control ITO‐only data enabled the assignment of the ions at each interface. This comparison implied a double layer of primarily lithium ions inside the perovskite film at the solution interface with significant recombination of ions on the solution side of the interface. This demonstrates EIS as a powerful tool for studying the fundamental charge accumulation and transport processes in perovskite thin films.
more »
« less
The use of ion-selective membranes to study cation transport in hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites
Using a methylammonium selective membrane in conjunction with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, we measured ion migration in methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI 3 ) with a millisecond (ms) time constant under illumination. These values were consistent with the reported values of ionic conduction in thin-film perovskite solar cells. We monitored an electrochemical impedance response arising from ionic conductivity through MAPbI 3 and a methylammonium selective layer. We could fit this complex impedance response to an intuitive circuit model, which revealed an ionic species moving on a ms time scale. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) revealed direct chemical evidence of methylammonium diffusion into the ion-selective layer. We found no experimental evidence indicating the mobility of lead ions or protons, suggesting that the mobile species observed under illumination is likely methylammonium.
more »
« less
- Award ID(s):
- 1726578
- PAR ID:
- 10181583
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
- Volume:
- 21
- Issue:
- 37
- ISSN:
- 1463-9076
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 20720 to 20726
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
More Like this
-
-
ABSTRACT Hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) under normal operation will reach a temperature above ∼ 60 °C, across the tetragonal-cubic structural phase transition of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ). Whether the structural phase transition could result in dramatic changes of ionic, electrical and optical properties that may further impact the PSC performances should be studied. Herein, we report a structural phase transition temperature of MAPbI 3 thin film at ∼ 55 °C, but a striking contrast occurred at ∼ 45 °C in the ionic and electrical properties of MAPbI 3 due to a change of the ion activation energy from 0.7 eV to 0.5 eV. The optical properties exhibited no sharp transition except for the steady increase of the bandgap with temperature. It was also observed that the activation energy for ionic migration steadily increased with increased grain sizes, and reduction of the grain boundary density reduced the ionic migration.more » « less
-
Hybrid perovskites have attracted great interest in solar energy conversion and optoelectronic applications. The interconnected ionic and electronic effects complicate assessing the underlying electrical processes while contributing greatly to the efficiency and stability of devices. Fortunately, these coupled processes manifest on distinct timescales that enable frequency-specific electrochemical analysis. However, hybrid perovskites dissolve in most of the common aqueous and organic solvents utilized for electrochemistry. Here, we utilize a hydrofluoroether (HFE) solvent toolkit to perform nondestructive electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite thin films. This enables the extraction of dielectric constants and double-layer formation in these perovskite films.more » « less
-
Photovoltaic cells based on metal‐halide perovskites have exceeded the performance of other thin film technologies and rival the performance of devices based on archetypical silicon. Attractively, the perovskite active layer can be processed via a variety of solution‐ and vapor‐based methods. Herein, emphasis is on the use of vapor transport codeposition (VTD) to process efficient n–i–p photovoltaic cells based on methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3). VTD utilizes a hot‐walled reactor operated under moderate vacuum in the range of 0.5–10 Torr. The organic and metal‐halide precursors are heated with the resulting vapor transported by a N2carrier gas to a cooled substrate where they condense and react to form a perovskite film. The efficiency of photovoltaic devices based on VTD‐processed MAPbI3is found to be highest in films with excess lead iodide content, with champion devices realizing exceeding 12%.more » « less
-
Over the past years, lithium-ion solid-state batteries have demonstrated significant advancements regarding such properties as safety, long-term endurance, and energy density. Solid-state electrolytes based on lithium halides offer new opportunities due to their unique features such as a broad electrochemical stability window, high lithium-ion conductivity, and elasticity at close to melting point temperatures that could enhance lithium-ion transport at interfaces. A comparative study of lithium indium halide (Li3InCl6) electrolytes synthesized through a mechano-thermal method with varying optimization parameters revealed a significant effect of temperature and pressure on lithium-ion transport. An analysis of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) data within the temperature range of 25–100 °C revealed that the optimized Li3InCl6 electrolyte reveals high ionic conductivity, reaching 1.0 mS cm−1 at room temperature. Herein, we present the utilization of in situ/operando X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and in situ X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) to investigate the temperature-dependent behavior of the Li3InCl6 electrolyte. Confirmed by these methods, significant changes in the Li3InCl6 ionic conductivity at 70 °C were observed due to phase transformation. The observed behavior provides critical information for practical applications of the Li3InCl6 solid-state electrolyte in a broad temperature range, contributing to the enhancement of lithium-ion solid-state batteries through their improved morphology, chemical interactions, and structural integrity.more » « less