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1. Collaborative research to support urban agriculture in the face of change: The case of the Sumida watercress farm on O‘ahu

   https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235661  

   Engels, Jennifer L. (July 2020, PloS one)

   As urban areas expand around the world, there are growing efforts to restore and protect natural and agricultural systems for the multitude of ecosystem services they provide to urban communities. This study presents a researcher-farmer collaboration in a highly urbanized area of Oʻahu focused on understanding the historical and current challenges and opportunities faced by a culturally and socially valued spring-dependent urban farm, Sumida Farm, which produces the majority of the state of Hawaiʻi’s watercress. We conducted a long-term trend analysis (25 years) of factors identified by the farmers to be important historical drivers of crop yield, including groundwater pumping, pest outbreaks, temperature, Oceanic Niño Index, and precipitation. We combined this analysis with a year of intensive spring water sampling on the farm to evaluate nutrient and contaminant composition and flow to understand water-related stressors, as well as evaluate the potential of the farm to provide nutrient retention services. We found negative correlations between historical crop yields and increases in the Oceanic Niño Index, temperature thresholds, and pest outbreaks. Despite the surrounding urbanization, we found on-farm water quality to be very high, and microbial analyses revealed an abundance of denitrifiers (nirS gene) suggesting that the farm provides a nutrient retention service to downstream systems. Finally, we found that socio-cultural values including heritage value, aesthetic value, and educational value are increasingly important for the Sumida family and surrounding community. These socio-cultural benefits alongside highly valued local food production and nutrient retention services are essential for continued community and political support. Collectively, our study demonstrates that challenges facing urban agricultural systems shift through time, and that recognition of the beyond crop-yield benefits of these systems to urban communities is essential to their long-term survival. 

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2. THE SCIENCE IN INDIGENOUS WATER STORIES, INDIGENOUS WOMEN’S CONNECTION TO WATER

   Todd, Wendy F; Northbird, Arianna V; Towne, Chessaly E (June 2023, Open Rivers)

   It is a familiar phrase, frequently spoken today. Even so, little thought goes into what this simple phrase means. We exist in water throughout our lives, dependent on it from conception, surrounded in water in our mother’s womb, until our last water vapor breath. Water is so common, we are so accustomed to our submergence in it that we fail to notice how vital it is and fail to recognize our dependence on it, taking for granted the water vapor-laden environment we exist in every moment of every day. Taking our fragile dependence on water into consideration, one would think we would have policies and practices to protect water and respect the beinghood of water that humans feel entitled to. However, mainstream society considers water to be a commodity, disregarded and taken for granted; the importance of water does not afford it protections to maintain healthy environments or to ensure healthy food and water resources. Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) is a combination of qualitative, quantitative, and spiritual knowledge that uses the same rigor as western science and represents knowledge of place, history, and spiritual/cultural philosophies about terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (Smythe et al. 2020). TEK is a collection of historical knowledge of place, providing in-depth knowledge about the intricate ecological relationships between the environment and all things through a spectrum of beliefs, values, and perceptions, developed using local natural phenomena (Smythe and Peele 2021; Smythe et al. 2020) We will consider the relationship three Indigenous women have with water and the cultural responsibility they bear as caretakers of water. We will examine the historical connections and worldviews each author (Todd and Towne as Alaska Native Haida, and Northbird as Fond du Lac Ojibwe) and their tribal community have with this sacred being. Here we discuss the importance of water to the Haida and Ojibwe peoples, demonstrate the importance of cross-cultural knowledge sharing, and present three educational activities to preserve and pass on TEK to the next generation. 

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3. Wetland hydrological change and recovery across three decades of shifting groundwater management

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.132052  

   Balerna, Jessica A; Kramer, Andrew M; Landry, Shawn M; Rains, Mark C; Lewis, David B (November 2024, Journal of Hydrology)

   Groundwater extraction compromises the function of groundwater-dependent ecosystems, such as freshwater wetlands. Identifying whether groundwater conservation restores wetland hydrology is a first step toward rehabilitating impaired wetlands. In the Tampa Bay region of Florida (U.S.), groundwater extraction rates have been declining since 1998, partly in response to desiccation of wetlands and waterbodies. This study uses monthly water-level data from 152 depressional wetlands over 28 years (1991–2018) to identify trends in wetland inundation, determine whether those trends vary among wetlands historically exposed to different rates of groundwater extraction, and describe relationships between the timing and extent of cutbacks in groundwater extraction and the timing and extent of changes in wetland inundation. Many wetlands (57 %) exhibited increased inundation in response to cutbacks in groundwater extraction, indicating that water conservation measures are inducing recovery. Further, increased inundation began in most wetlands immediately upon, or within two years of, the time extraction cutbacks occurred, although some recovering wetlands exhibited longer lags. An additional 26 % of wetlands had steady-state water levels with inundation similar to that of reference wetlands, potentially revealing a population of wetlands hydrologically unimpaired by nearby groundwater extraction. Another subset of wetlands (14 %) with steady-state water depths exhibited increasing deviations from basin-full water levels, suggesting subsidence of the wetland basin. Active intervention beyond cutbacks in groundwater extraction may be necessary to restore this subset, whereas passive restoration (reducing extraction) appears adequate for the majority of impacted wetlands. Rising water levels may amplify surface-water connections among wetlands, with ecological and biogeochemical consequences both for individual wetlands and for the whole wetlandscape. As a host of human activities continue to rely on groundwater extraction, this study demonstrates the potential for, as well as variability in, hydrological recovery across a wetland-rich, low-relief landscape following the enactment of water conservation policies. 

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4. A synthesis of hydroclimatic, ecological, and socioeconomic data for transdisciplinary research in the Mekong

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02193-0  

   Tiwari, Amar Deep; Pokhrel, Yadu; Kramer, Daniel; Akhter, Tanjila; Tang, Qiuhong; Liu, Junguo; Qi, Jiaguo; Loc, Ho Huu; Lakshmi, Venkataraman (December 2023, Scientific Data)

   Abstract The Mekong River basin (MRB) is a transboundary basin that supports livelihoods of over 70 million inhabitants and diverse terrestrial-aquatic ecosystems. This critical lifeline for people and ecosystems is under transformation due to climatic stressors and human activities (e.g., land use change and dam construction). Thus, there is an urgent need to better understand the changing hydrological and ecological systems in the MRB and develop improved adaptation strategies. This, however, is hampered partly by lack of sufficient, reliable, and accessible observational data across the basin. Here, we fill this long-standing gap for MRB by synthesizing climate, hydrological, ecological, and socioeconomic data from various disparate sources. The data— including groundwater records digitized from the literature—provide crucial insights into surface water systems, groundwater dynamics, land use patterns, and socioeconomic changes. The analyses presented also shed light on uncertainties associated with various datasets and the most appropriate choices. These datasets are expected to advance socio-hydrological research and inform science-based management decisions and policymaking for sustainable food-energy-water, livelihood, and ecological systems in the MRB. 

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5. ENSO sentinels in the Americas' humid tropics: We need combined hydrometric and isotopic monitoring for improved El Niño and La Niña impact prediction

   https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15027  

   Sánchez‐Murillo, R.; Birkel, C.; Boll, J.; Esquivel‐Hernández, G.; Rojas‐Jiménez, L. D.; Castro‐Chacón, L.; Durán‐Quesada, A. M.; Voarintsoa, N. R. G.; Dee, S. G.; Winguth, A. M. E. (December 2023, Hydrological Processes)

   Abstract This Scientific Briefing presents results from a nearly 10‐year hydrometric and isotope monitoring network across north‐central Costa Rica, a region known as a headwater‐dependent system. This monitoring system has recorded different El Niño and La Niña events and the direct/indirect effects of several hurricane and tropical storm passages. Our results show that El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exerts a significant but predictable impact on rainfall amount anomalies, groundwater level and spring discharge, as evidenced by second‐order water isotope parameters (e.g., line conditioned‐excess or line‐conditioned (LC)‐excess). Sea surface temperature anomaly (El Niño Region 3) is correlated with a reduction in mean annual and cold front rainfall across the headwaters of north‐central Costa Rica. During El Niño conditions, rainfall is substantially reduced (up to 69.2%) during the critical cold fronts period, limiting groundwater recharge and promoting an early onset of minimum baseflow conditions (up to 5 months). In contrast, La Niña is associated with increased rainfall and groundwater recharge (up to 94.7% during active cold front periods). During La Niña, the long‐term mean spring discharge (39 Ls⁻¹) is exceeded 63–80% of the time, whereas, during El Niño, the exceedance time ranges between 26% and 44%. The regional hydroclimatic variability is also imprinted on the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of meteoric waters. Drier conditions favoured lower LC‐excess in rainfall (−17.3‰) and spring water (−6.5‰), whereas wetter conditions resulted in greater values (rainfall = +17.5‰; spring water = +10.7‰). The lower and higher LC‐excess values in rainfall corresponded to the very strong 2014–2016 El Niño and 2018 La Niña, respectively. During the recent triple‐dip 2021–23 La Niña, LC‐excess exhibited a significant and consistently increasing trend. These findings highlight the importance of combining hydrometric, synoptic and isotopic monitoring as ENSO sentinels to advance our current understanding of ENSO impacts on hydrological systems across the humid Tropics. Such information is critical to constraining the 21st century projections of future water stress across this fragile region. 

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