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1. Non-uniform DNN Structured Subnets Sampling for Dynamic Inference

   https://doi.org/10.1109/DAC18072.2020.9218736  

   Yang, Li; He, Zhezhi; Cao, Yu; Fan, Deliang (July 2020, 2020 57th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC))

   null (Ed.)

   With the success of Deep Neural Networks (DNN), many recent works have been focusing on developing hardware accelerator for power and resource-limited system via model compression techniques, such as quantization, pruning, low-rank approximation and etc. However, almost all existing compressed DNNs are fixed after deployment, which lacks run-time adaptive structure to adapt to its dynamic hardware resource allocation, power budget, throughput requirement, as well as dynamic workload. As the countermeasure, to construct a novel run-time dynamic DNN structure, we propose a novel DNN sub-network sampling method via non-uniform channel selection for subnets generation. Thus, user can trade off between power, speed, computing load and accuracy on-the-fly after the deployment, depending on the dynamic requirements or specifications of the given system. We verify the proposed model on both CIFAR-10 and ImageNet dataset using ResNets, which outperforms the same sub-nets trained individually and other related works. It shows that, our method can achieve latency trade-off among 13.4, 24.6, 41.3, 62.1(ms) and 30.5, 38.7, 51, 65.4(ms) for GPU with 128 batch-size and CPU respectively on ImageNet using ResNet18. 

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2. A Transfer Learning with Deep Neural Network Approach for Network Intrusion Detection

   Mohammad Masum, Hossain Shahriar (April 2021, International journal of intellligent computing research)

   Ayahiko Niimi, Future University-Hakodate (Ed.)

   Traditional Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) encounter difficulties due to the exponential growth of network traffic data and modern attacks' requirements. This paper presents a novel network intrusion classification framework using transfer learning from the VGG-16 pre-trained model. The framework extracts feature leveraging pre-trained weights trained on the ImageNet dataset in the initial step, and finally, applies a deep neural network to the extracted features for intrusion classification. We applied the presented framework on NSL-KDD, a benchmark dataset for network intrusion, to evaluate the proposed framework's performance. We also implemented other pre-trained models such as VGG19, MobileNet, ResNet-50, and Inception V3 to evaluate and compare performance. This paper also displays both binary classification (normal vs. attack) and multi-class classification (classifying types of attacks) for network intrusion detection. The experimental results show that feature extraction using VGG-16 outperforms other pre-trained models producing better accuracy, precision, recall, and false alarm rates. 

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3. Optimize Deep Convolutional Neural Network with Ternarized Weights and High Accuracy

   https://doi.org/10.1109/WACV.2019.00102  

   He, Zhezhi; Gong, Boqing; Fan, Deliang (January 2019, 2019 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV))

   Deep convolution neural network has achieved great success in many artificial intelligence applications. However, its enormous model size and massive computation cost have become the main obstacle for deployment of such powerful algorithm in the low power and resource limited embedded systems. As the countermeasure to this problem, in this work, we propose statistical weight scaling and residual expansion methods to reduce the bit-width of the whole network weight parameters to ternary values (i.e. -1, 0, +1), with the objectives to greatly reduce model size, computation cost and accuracy degradation caused by the model compression. With about 16X model compression rate, our ternarized ResNet-32/44/56 could outperforms full-precision counterparts by 0.12%, 0.24% and 0.18% on CIFAR-10 dataset. We also test our ternarization method with AlexNet and ResNet-18 on ImageNet dataset, which both achieve the best top-1 accuracy compared to recent similar works, with the same 16X compression rate. If further incorporating our residual expansion method, compared to the full-precision counterpart, our ternarized ResNet-18 even improves the top-5 accuracy by 0.61% and merely degrades the top-1 accuracy only by 0.42% for ImageNet dataset, with 8X model compression rate. It outperforms the recent ABC-Net by 1.03% in top-1 accuracy and 1.78% in top-5 accuracy, with around 1.25X higher compression rate and more than 6X computation reduction due to the weight sparsity. 

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4. Learning Controllable Adaptive Simulation for Multi-resolution Physics

   Wu, Tailin; Maruyama, Takashi; Zhao, Qingqing; Wetzstein, Gordon; Leskovec, Jure (May 2023, International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR))

   Simulating the time evolution of physical systems is pivotal in many scientific and engineering problems. An open challenge in simulating such systems is their multi-resolution dynamics: a small fraction of the system is extremely dynamic, and requires very fine-grained resolution, while a majority of the system is changing slowly and can be modeled by coarser spatial scales. Typical learning-based surrogate models use a uniform spatial scale, which needs to resolve to the finest required scale and can waste a huge compute to achieve required accuracy. We introduced Learning controllable Adaptive simulation for Multiresolution Physics (LAMP) as the first full deep learning-based surrogate model that jointly learns the evolution model and optimizes appropriate spatial resolutions that devote more compute to the highly dynamic regions. LAMP consists of a Graph Neural Network (GNN) for learning the forward evolution, and a GNNbased actor-critic for learning the policy of spatial refinement and coarsening. We introduced learning techniques that optimize LAMP with weighted sum of error and computational cost as objective, allowing LAMP to adapt to varying relative importance of error vs. computation tradeoff at inference time. We evaluated our method in a 1D benchmark of nonlinear PDEs and a challenging 2D mesh-based simulation. We demonstrated that our LAMP outperforms state-of-the-art deep learning surrogate models, and can adaptively trade-off computation to improve long-term prediction error: it achieves an average of 33.7% error reduction for 1D nonlinear PDEs, and outperforms MeshGraphNets + classical Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) in 2D mesh-based simulations. 

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5. A Flexible Processing-in-Memory Accelerator for Dynamic Channel-Adaptive Deep Neural Networks

   https://doi.org/10.1109/ASP-DAC47756.2020.9045166  

   Yang, Li; Angizi, Shaahin; Fan, Deliang (January 2020, 2020 25th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC))

   With the success of deep neural networks (DNN), many recent works have been focusing on developing hardware accelerator for power and resource-limited embedded system via model compression techniques, such as quantization, pruning, low-rank approximation, etc. However, almost all existing DNN structure is fixed after deployment, which lacks runtime adaptive DNN structure to adapt to its dynamic hardware resource, power budget, throughput requirement, as well as dynamic workload. Correspondingly, there is no runtime adaptive hardware platform to support dynamic DNN structure. To address this problem, we first propose a dynamic channel-adaptive deep neural network (CA-DNN) which can adjust the involved convolution channel (i.e. model size, computing load) at run-time (i.e. at inference stage without retraining) to dynamically trade off between power, speed, computing load and accuracy. Further, we utilize knowledge distillation method to optimize the model and quantize the model to 8-bits and 16-bits, respectively, for hardware friendly mapping. We test the proposed model on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet dataset by using ResNet. Comparing with the same model size of individual model, our CA-DNN achieves better accuracy. Moreover, as far as we know, we are the first to propose a Processing-in-Memory accelerator for such adaptive neural networks structure based on Spin Orbit Torque Magnetic Random Access Memory(SOT-MRAM) computational adaptive sub-arrays. Then, we comprehensively analyze the trade-off of the model with different channel-width between the accuracy and the hardware parameters, eg., energy, memory, and area overhead. 

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