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1. Finding Meaning in Makerspaces: Exploring How Gender Influences Makerspace Definition Among First-Year Engineering Students

   Bushra, J.; Budinoff, H.D.; Shivers-McNair, A.; Berger, E. (June 2024, ASEE annual conference exposition)

   Makerspaces, intended for open and collaborative learning, often struggle to attract a diverse group of users, particularly concerning gender diversity. These issues include makerspaces becoming associated primarily with white male students, gendered connotations of machines and materials, and women’s perceived lack of self-efficacy in using makerspace tools. As a result, women may view makerspaces as unwelcoming, and societal stereotypes can affect their engagement in these spaces. Efforts to create more inclusive makerspaces are essential to fully realize the potential of makerspaces, encourage and boost confidence in marginalized groups to pursue careers in different engineering areas, and promote a diverse and collaborative maker culture. Moreover, defining makerspaces is challenging due to conflicting perceptions, the uniqueness of spaces, and the abstract elements in these environments, revealing a gap between academic definitions and the diverse voices of people interested in utilizing makerspaces. Our goal is to see if there are differences in the fundamental academic makerspace definition and makerspace definition by different genders, providing insights into how inclusive our makerspace is. We focus on gender because our interviewees focused more on gender than other identity markers in our conversations, but we also report additional demographic data that likely impacted participants’ experiences, namely, their racial and ethnic identities. Our corpus is drawn from semi-structured interviews with students enrolled in an introductory first-year engineering course. Out of 28 students interviewed, 10 identified as women, 16 as men, one as both women and questioning or unsure, and one as women and nonbinary and transgender. In terms of racial/ethnic identifications, nine participants identified as White or Caucasian; six identified as Latinx or Hispanic; five identified as Latinx or Hispanic, White or Caucasian; three identified as Black or African American; two identified as Asian, Desi, or Asian American; one identified as Latinx or Hispanic, Native American or Alaska Native; one identified as Southwest Asian, Middle Eastern, or North African, White or Caucasian; and one identified as Native African. In this ongoing study, from interview transcripts, we extracted participant responses to questions regarding their definitions of and impressions of makerspaces to identify commonalities and differences. Specifically, we use natural language processing techniques to extract word frequency and centrality and synthesize commonalities into a shared definition of a makerspace. We also separated responses from participants by gender identities to evaluate how definitions varied with gender. These emergent definitions are compared with commonly accepted definitions derived from research papers. Additionally, we conduct a complementary discourse analysis of students’ definitions and impressions of makerspaces, qualitatively examining how diverse students characterize ways of being and doing in the makerspace. 

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2. Report on Engineering Design Self-Efficacy and Demographics of Makerspace Participants Across Three Universities

   https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4046649  

   Hilton, Ethan C.; Talley, Kimberly G.; Smith, Shaunna F.; Nagel, Robert L.; Linsey, Julie S. (October 2020, Journal of Mechanical Design)

   Abstract University makerspaces have been touted as a possible avenue for improving student learning, engagement, retention, and creativity. As their popularity has increased worldwide, so has the amount of research investigating their establishment, management, and uses. There have, however, been very few studies that use empirical data to evaluate how these spaces are impacting the people using them. This study of three university makerspaces measures engineering design (ED) self-efficacy and how it is correlated with involvement in the makerspaces, along with student demographics. The three university makerspaces include a relatively new makerspace at a Hispanic-serving university in the southwestern US, makerspaces at an eastern liberal arts university with an engineering program that has been created within the last decade, and a makerspace at a large, research university in the southeast often considered to be one of the top programs in the US. Students at all three universities are surveyed to determine their involvement in their university's makerspace and how they perceive their own abilities in engineering design. The findings presented in this paper show a positive correlation between engineering design self-efficacy (EDSE) and involvement in academic makerspaces. Correlations are also seen between certain demographic factors and the percentage of students who choose to use the academic makerspace available to them. These findings provide crucial empirical evidence to the community on the self-efficacy of students who use makerspaces and provide support for universities to continue making these spaces available to their students. 

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3. Learning in Academic Makerspaces: Preliminary Case Studies of How Academic Makerspaces Afford Learning for Female Students

   Tomko, Megan; Nagel, Robert; Alemán, Melissa; Newstetter, Wendy; Linsey, Julie (July 2018, ASEE annual conference & exposition proceedings)

   Recognizing the value of engagement in learning, recent engineering education initiatives have worked to encourage all types of students to pursue engineering while also facilitating the construction of makerspaces on university campuses. Makerspaces have the potential to engage a broader range of students by providing unique and personalized pathways into engineering. While this aims to improve the quality of an engineer’s education, the reality settles in when we begin to question whether these makerspaces are, in fact, encouraging learning in engineering for all types of students. In this work, we focus on investigating how a university makerspace affords learning for female students. We implemented an in-depth phenomenologically based interviewing approach which involved a series of three 90-minute semi-structured interviews with six highly engaged female undergraduate students involved in different makerspaces at a single university. The purpose of these interviews was to engage the students in their experiences with the makerspaces and the projects that they work on in this space, so as to inform how these spaces afford learning, specifically the impact on female student learning. All interviews were conducted by the same female graduate student. This work focuses on the second interviews of two females who had student worker roles in their respective makerspaces on campus. All of the interviews for these two females were transcribed resulting in 180 pages of single-spaced transcriptions, and the second interviews were analyzed through two phases of qualitative data analysis. Types of learning emerged in multiple forms and are presented via case studies of each female participant. For case one, these types of learning include machines learning, social learning, design learning, and self-learning. In the second case, the types of learning are tool learning, resourceful learning, space learning, and management learning. These types of learning are then further discussed according to engineering education pedagogy and implications. Makerspaces are often labeled as “open, learning environments,” and this work demonstrates how these spaces facilitate unique forms of learning that engage these women in the makerspace. 

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4. Makerspace Participation: Which Students Return and Why?

   Josiam, M. (June 2019, 2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Tampa, FL)

   Makerspaces are becoming increasingly common facilities in engineering departments and universities across the country. Facility stakeholders, including students, professors, and university administration, hold many assumptions about the benefits and importance of the spaces, but little research has been done to quantify student usage and to evaluate participation within these spaces. This is especially important to understand given the interdisciplinary and multipurpose nature of these facilities. In this paper, we seek to understand which undergraduate engineering students use the Makerspace and what factors influence their likelihood to return. In partnership with a Makerspace at a large, public institution in the Southwest, we analyzed nearly 29,500 sign-in entries from 4,230 unique participants. Log-in information from these students included an open-ended response to their reason for visiting the facility, which was coded into five categories. We provide descriptives by major of the students, who visited the Makerspace within a two-year period, as well as results of chi-square analyses to determine differences in use of the Makerspace and results of logistic regression to determine the probability of students’ return. Analysis of this data begins to uncover the ways in which undergraduate students engage with Makerspaces and illuminates differences in behavior between majors. Further research should investigate the reasons behind these patterns and possible barriers to entry. 

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5. 3D Plants: Students build AVR plant models to understand the role of design in STEM

   Arango-Caro, Sandra; Arellan_Harberberger, Michelle; Ying, Kaitlyn; Callis-Duehl, Kristine (July 2022, Society for the Advancement of Biology Education Research (SABER))

   STUDY CONTEXT: The overarching goal of this project is to address the disconnect between science, design, and technology (Perignat & Katz-Buonincontro, 2019). We examine how urban and rural high school students benefit from innovative learning experiences in plant science that integrate these disciplines while gaining interest in and skills for future STEM careers. This project tests a STEAM (Art in STEM) teaching model in which students create scientific products to incorporate in Augmented and Virtual Reality (AVR) platforms. This experience inspires creative learning, provides critical thinking and problem-solving benefits, supports concepts of innovation, and allows students to connect to real-life situations impacting their career paths. RESEARCH DESIGN: Objectives: 1. Inspire interest in STEM careers among students and provide them with skills for a future STEM career, 2. Foster knowledge and appreciation of plant science among students, 3. Integrate art/design into STEM plant science education, and 4. Apply AVR technology to advance in plant science education through the use of novel tools and methodologies. Teams of self-identified science, technophile, and art students receive training in 3D modeling. With support from scientists, they create models of plants under research at our institution, write worksheets, and give presentations in public/scientific events. Teams’ products will be shared globally through the education community of our AVR partner institution. To assess the project objectives, we are using a mixed-methods approach using pre/post open-ended self-reflections and surveys (STEM Semantics Survey with additional questions for A (Art/Design); Plant Awareness Disparity Index (PAD-I)). ANALYSES AND INTERPRETATION: Data collection is in its initial stages. We will present preliminary results from surveys and reflections from 28 students. The students worked in seven teams that created models of corn, alfalfa, volvox, and milkweed. CONTRIBUTION: This project contributes to STEAM, an emerging discipline with scant information on theory, best practices, and practical applications, by testing a teaching model in which students design and create scientific products. The project contributes to the body of knowledge on AVR teaching tools from a different approach by allowing the students to create their own AVR products. The project also contributes to interesting and challenging ways to learn about plant science and promote plant awareness. 

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