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1. Towards a Threat Model for Vehicular Fog Computing

   Hoque, Mohammad Aminul; Hasan, Ragib (October 2019, IEEE UEMCON)

   Security is a huge challenge in vehicular networks due to the large size of the network, high mobility of nodes, and continuous change of network topology. These challenges are also applicable to the vehicular fog, which is a new computing paradigm in the context of vehicular networks. In vehicular fog computing, the vehicles serve as fog nodes. This is a promising model for latency-sensitive and location-aware services, which also incurs some unique security and privacy issues. However, there is a lack of a systematic approach to design security solutions of the vehicular fog using a comprehensive threat model. Threat modeling is a step-by-step process to analyze, identify, and prioritize all the potential threats and vulnerabilities of a system and solve them with known security solutions. A well-designed threat model can help to understand the security and privacy threats, vulnerabilities, requirements, and challenges along with the attacker model, the attack motives, and attacker capabilities. Threat model analysis in vehicular fog computing is critical because only brainstorming and threat models of other vehicular network paradigms will not provide a complete scenario of potential threats and vulnerabilities. In this paper, we have explored the threat model of vehicular fog computing and identified the threats and vulnerabilities using STRIDE and CIAA threat modeling processes. We posit that this initiative will help to improve the security and privacy system design of vehicular fog computing. 

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2. Towards a Threat Model for Fog Computing

   https://doi.org/10.1109/UEMCON47517.2019.8993005  

   Karim, Yasser; Hasan, Ragib (October 2019, 2019 IEEE 10th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON))

   null (Ed.)

   In recent years, the addition of billions of Internet of Thing (IoT) device spawned a massive demand for computing service near the edge of the network. Due to latency, limited mobility, and location awareness, cloud computing is not capable enough to serve these devices. As a result, the focus is shifting more towards distributed platform service to put ample computing power near the edge of the networks. Thus, paradigms such as Fog and Edge computing are gaining attention from researchers as well as business stakeholders. Fog computing is a new computing paradigm, which places computing nodes in between the Cloud and the end user to reduce latency and increase availability. As an emerging technology, Fog computing also brings newer security challenges for the stakeholders to solve. Before designing the security models for Fog computing, it is better to understand the existing threats to Fog computing. In this regard, a thorough threat model can significantly help to identify these threats. Threat modeling is a sophisticated engineering process by which a computer-based system is analyzed to discover security flaws. In this paper, we applied two popular security threat modeling processes - CIAA and STRIDE - to identify and analyze attackers, their capabilities and motivations, and a list of potential threats in the context of Fog computing. We posit that such a systematic and thorough discussion of a threat model for Fog computing will help security researchers and professionals to design secure and reliable Fog computing systems. 

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3. Towards a Threat Model for Fog Computing

   Karim, Md. Yasser; Hasan, Ragib (October 2019, IEEE UEMCON 2019)

   In recent years, the addition of billions of Internet of Thing (IoT) device spawned a massive demand for computing service near the edge of the network. Due to latency, limited mobility, and location awareness, cloud computing is not capable enough to serve these devices. As a result, the focus is shifting more towards distributed platform service to put ample com- puting power near the edge of the networks. Thus, paradigms such as Fog and Edge computing are gaining attention from researchers as well as business stakeholders. Fog computing is a new computing paradigm, which places computing nodes in between the Cloud and the end user to reduce latency and increase availability. As an emerging technology, Fog computing also brings newer security challenges for the stakeholders to solve. Before designing the security models for Fog computing, it is better to understand the existing threats to Fog computing. In this regard, a thorough threat model can significantly help to identify these threats. Threat modeling is a sophisticated engineering process by which a computer-based system is analyzed to discover security flaws. In this paper, we applied two popular security threat modeling processes – CIAA and STRIDE – to identify and analyze attackers, their capabilities and motivations, and a list of potential threats in the context of Fog computing. We posit that such a systematic and thorough discussion of a threat model for Fog computing will help security researchers and professionals to design secure and reliable Fog computing systems. 

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4. Autonomous Driving Security: A Comprehensive Threat Model of Attacks and Mitigation Strategies

   Hoque, Mohammad Aminul; Hasan, Ragib (July 2022, Proceedings of the 8th IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IOT))

   Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are envisioned to enhance safety and efficiency on the road, increase productivity, and positively impact the urban transportation system. Due to recent developments in autonomous driving (AD) technology, AVs have started moving on the road. However, this promising technology has many unique security challenges that have the potential to cause traffic accidents. Though some researchers have exploited and addressed specific security issues in AD, there is a lack of a systematic approach to designing security solutions using a comprehensive threat model. A threat model analyzes and identifies potential threats and vulnerabilities. It also identifies the attacker model and proposes mitigation strategies based on known security solutions. As an emerging cyber-physical system, the AD system requires a well-designed threat model to understand the security threats and design solutions. This paper explores security issues in the AD system and analyzes the threat model using the STRIDE threat modeling process. We posit that our threat model-based analysis will help improve AVs' security and guide researchers toward developing secure AVs. 

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5. Towards an Analysis of the Architecture, Security, and Privacy Issues in Vehicular Fog Computing

   Hoque, Mohammad Aminul; Hasan, Ragib (April 2019, Proceedings of IEEE Southeastcon)

   The vehicular fog is a relatively new computing paradigm where fog computing works with the vehicular network. It provides computation, storage, and location-aware services with low latency to the vehicles in close proximity. A vehicular fog network can be formed on-the-fly by adding underutilized or unused resources of nearby parked or moving vehicles. Interested vehicles can outsource their resources or data by being added to the vehicular fog network while maintaining proper security and privacy. Client vehicles can use these resources or services for performing computation-intensive tasks, storing data, or getting crowdsource reports through the proper secure and privacy-preserving communication channel. As most vehicular network applications are latency and location sensitive, fog is more suitable than the cloud because of the capability of performing calculations with low latency, location awareness, and the support of mobility. Architecture, security, and privacy models of vehicular fog are not well defined and widely accepted yet as it is in its early stage. In this paper, we have analyzed existing studies on vehicular fog to determine the requirements and issues related to the architecture, security, and privacy of vehicular fog computing. We have also identified and highlighted the open research problems in this promising area. 

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