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1. What are the building blocks of parent–infant coordinated attention in free‐flowing interaction?

   https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12365  

   Abney, Drew H.; Suanda, Sumarga H.; Smith, Linda B.; Yu, Chen (October 2020, Infancy)

   Abstract The present article investigated the composition of different joint gaze components used to operationalize various types of coordinated attention between parents and infants and which types of coordinated attention were associated with future vocabulary size. Twenty‐five 9‐month‐old infants and their parents wore head‐mounted eye trackers as they played with objects together. With high‐density gaze data, a variety of coordinated attention bout types were quantitatively measured by combining different gaze components, such as mutual gaze, joint object looks, face looks, and triadic gaze patterns. The key components of coordinated attention that were associated with vocabulary size at 12 and 15 months included the simultaneous combination of parent triadic gaze and infant object looking. The results from this article are discussed in terms of the importance of parent attentional monitoring and infant sustained attention for language development. 

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2. Bargaining and Exclusion With Multiple Buyers

   https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA19675  

   Abreu, Dilip; Manea, Mihai (March 2024, Econometrica)

   A seller trades withqout ofnbuyers who have valuationsa₁ ≥ a₂ ≥ ⋯ ≥ a_n > 0 via sequential bilateral bargaining. Whenq < n, buyer payoffs vary across equilibria in the patient limit, but seller payoffs do not, and converge to max_l≤q+1[(a₁+a₂+⋯+a_l−1)/2+a_l+1+⋯+a_q+1]. Ifl^*is the (generically unique) maximizer of this optimization problem, then each buyeri < l^*trades with probability 1 at the fair pricea_i/2, while buyersi ≥ l^*are excluded from trade with positive probability. Bargaining with buyers who face the threat of exclusion is driven by asequential outside option principle: the seller can sequentially exercise the outside option of trading with the extra marginal buyerq + 1, then with the new extra marginal buyerq, and so on, extracting full surplus from each buyer in this sequence and enhancing the outside option at every stage. A seller who can serve all buyers (q = n) may benefit from creating scarcity by committing to exclude some remaining buyers as negotiations proceed. Anoptimal exclusion commitment, within a general class, excludes a single buyer but maintains flexibility about which buyer is excluded. Results apply symmetrically to a buyer bargaining with multiple sellers. 

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3. Bilateral Trade with Correlated Values

   Dobzinski, Shahar; Shaulker, Ariel (June 2024, ACM)

   Mohar, Bojan; Shinkar, Igor; O'Donnell, Ryan (Ed.)

   We study the bilateral trade problem where a seller owns a single indivisible item, and a potential buyer seeks to purchase it. Previous mechanisms for this problem only considered the case where the values of the buyer and the seller are drawn from independent distributions. In contrast, this paper studies bilateral trade mechanisms when the values are drawn from a joint distribution. We prove that the buyer-offering mechanism guarantees an approximation ratio of e/e−1 ≈ 1.582 to the social welfare even if the values are drawn from a joint distribution. The buyer-offering mechanism is Bayesian incentive compatible, but the seller has a dominant strategy. We prove the buyer-offering mechanism is optimal in the sense that no Bayesian mechanism where one of the players has a dominant strategy can obtain an approximation ratio better than e/e−1. We also show that no mechanism in which both sides have a dominant strategy can provide any constant approximation to the social welfare when the values are drawn from a joint distribution. Finally, we prove some impossibility results on the power of general Bayesian incentive compatible mechanisms. In particular, we show that no deterministic Bayesian incentive-compatible mechanism can provide an approximation ratio better than 1+ln2/2≈ 1.346. 

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4. How Shared Visual Attention Patterns of Pairs Unfold Over Time when Workload Changes

   https://doi.org/10.1145/3379156.3391339  

   Devlin, Shannon Patricia; Flynn, Jake Ryan; Riggs, Sara Lu (June 2020, ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications)

   Data rich environments rely on operator collaboration to manage workload changes. This work explores the relationship between operators’ visual attention and collaborative performance during these workload changes. Percent gaze overlap and percent recurrence were calculated over time for best and worst performing pairs of participants who experienced low and high workload in an unmanned aerial vehicle command and control testbed. It was found that the best performing pairs had higher values for both metrics after workload changed. These results suggest successful collaborative performance is dependent on both continuous high levels of synchronized visual attention and coordinated sequences of visual attention. This work has the potential to inform the design of real-time technology. 

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5. How Coordinated Visual Attention on a Target Area of Interest is Impacted by a Change in Workload Over Time

   https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641083  

   Devlin, Shannon P.; Flynn, Jake R.; Riggs, Sara L. (December 2020, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting)

   null (Ed.)

   Data-rich environments rely on operators to collaborate, especially in light of workload changes. This work explores the relationship between the operators’ shared visual attention patterns on a target area of interest (AOI), i.e. the AOI causing a workload change, and how it affects collaborative performance. Eye tracking data was collected from ten pairs of participants who completed two scenarios, the first being low workload and the second being high workload, in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) command and control testbed. Then, best and worst performing pairs were compared in terms of two shared visual attention metrics: (1) percent gaze overlap and (2) the phi coefficient for the target AOI. The results showed that coordinated visits to and from the target AOI were associated with better performance during high workload. These results suggest including quantitative measures of visual attention can be indicators of the adaptation process in real- time. 

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