More Like this

1. Silver Nanoparticles Stable to Oxidation and Silver Ion Release Show Size-Dependent Toxicity In Vivo

   https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11061516  

   Cunningham, Brittany ; Engstrom, Arek M. ; Harper, Bryan J. ; Harper, Stacey L. ; Mackiewicz, Marilyn R. ( June 2021 , Nanomaterials)

   null (Ed.)

   Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in commerce, however, the effect of their physicochemical properties on toxicity remains debatable because of the confounding presence of Ag+ ions. Thus, we designed a series of AgNPs that are stable to surface oxidation and Ag+ ion release. AgNPs were coated with a hybrid lipid membrane comprised of L-phosphatidylcholine (PC), sodium oleate (SOA), and a stoichiometric amount of hexanethiol (HT) to produce oxidant-resistant AgNPs, Ag–SOA–PC–HT. The stability of 7-month aged, 20–100 nm Ag–SOA–PC–HT NPs were assessed using UV–Vis, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), while the toxicity of the nanomaterials was assessed using a well-established, 5-day embryonic zebrafish assay at concentrations ranging from 0–12 mg/L. There was no change in the size of the AgNPs from freshly made samples or 7-month aged samples and minimal Ag+ ion release (<0.2%) in fishwater (FW) up to seven days. Toxicity studies revealed AgNP size- and concentration-dependent effects. Increased mortality and sublethal morphological abnormalities were observed at higher concentrations with smaller nanoparticle sizes. This study, for the first time, determined the effect of AgNP size on toxicity in the absence of Ag+ ions as a confounding variable. 

   more » « less
2. Controlling Silver Ion Release of Silver Nanoparticles with Hybrid Lipid Membranes with Long-Chain Hydrophobic Thiol Anchors Decreases in Vivo Toxicity

   https://doi.org/10.9790/9622-1009021228  

   Arek M. Engstrom, Henry Wu ( September 2020 , International journal of engineering research and applications)

   null (Ed.)

   Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in various commercial and industrial applicationsbecause of their antimicrobial properties.The behavior and toxicity of AgNPs are likely controlled by physicochemical properties such as size, shape, and surface chemistry; however, studies of these properties are often confounded by Ag+ ion dissolution. Here a suite of spherical and triangular shaped AgNPs were prepared with increasing amounts of surface protection from their surface-coating comprising of citrate (Cit) only or a mixture 

   more » « less
3. Effects of rhamnolipid biosurfactant on the dissolution and transport of silver nanoparticles in porous media

   https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EN00185J  

   Liao, Shuchi ; Liu, Chen ; Pinchbeck, Dorothea ; Cápiro, Natalie L. ; Fortner, John D. ; Abriola, Linda M. ; Pennell, Kurt D. ( September 2021 , Environmental Science: Nano)

   The effects of nanoscale silver (nAg) particles on subsurface microbial communities can be influenced by the presence of biosurfactants, which have been shown to alter nanoparticle surface properties. Batch and column studies were conducted to investigate the influence of rhamnolipid biosurfactant (1–50 mg L −1 ) on the stability and mobility of silver nanoparticles (16 ± 4 nm) in batch reactors and water-saturated columns with three solution chemistries: pH = 4 and dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) = 8.8 mg L −1 , pH = 7 and DO = 8.8 mg L −1 , pH = 7 and DO = 2.0 mg L −1 . In batch studies, the presence of rhamnolipid (2–50 mg L −1 ) reduced nAg dissolution by 83.3–99.1% under all pH and DO conditions. Improved nAg stability was observed when rhamnolipid was present in batch reactors at pH = 7 ± 0.2, where the hydrodynamic diameter remained constant (∼50 nm) relative to rhamnolipid-free controls (increased to >230 nm) in 48 hours. Column experiments conducted at pH 4.0 ± 0.2 demonstrated that co-injection of nAg with rhamnolipid (2, 5 and 50 mg L −1 ) decreased Ag + breakthrough from ∼22% of total applied mass in rhamnolipid-free columns to less than 8.1% in the presence of rhamnolipid and altered the shape of the nAg retention profile from a hyper-exponential to a uniform distribution. Column experiments performed at pH 7.0 ± 0.2 and DO levels of either ∼2.0 or ∼8.8 mg L −1 showed that co-injection of 5 mg L −1 and 50 mg L −1 rhamnolipid increased nAg mass breakthrough by 25–40% and ∼80%, respectively, enhancements in nAg stability and mobility were attributed to rhamnolipid adsorption on nAg surfaces, which effectively slowed the oxidation and thus release of Ag + , and adsorption of rhamnolipid on the porous medium, which competed for nAg attachment sites. These results indicate that the presence of rhamnolipid significantly influenced nAg dissolution and mobility under dynamic flow conditions. A mathematical model based on modified filtration theory (MFT) accurately reproduced nAg transport and retention behavior when aggregation and reaction processes were minimal and when rhamnolipid was present, providing a tool to predict the effects of biosurfactants on nAg transport in porous media. 

   more » « less
4. Emerging investigator series: linking chemical transformations of silver and silver nanoparticles in the extracellular and intracellular environments to their bio-reactivity

   https://doi.org/10.1039/c9en00710e  

   Minghetti, Matteo ; Dudefoi, William ; Ma, Qing ; Catalano, Jeffrey G. ( October 2019 , Environmental Science: Nano)

   The fish intestine is an important barrier for environmental toxicants, including metals and metal nanoparticles. Tracking chemical transformation at the interface between the intestinal epithelium and the intestinal lumen can inform us about chemicals' bio-reactivity and toxicity but is challenging due to the lack of appropriate models. To allow for such investigations, a model of the fish intestine derived from rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), the RTgutGC cell line, was used. Cells were exposed to silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) or citrate coated silver nanoparticles (cit-AgNPs) in Leibovitz's L-15 medium without amino acids and vitamins (L-15/ex), which allowed the determination of the extracellular silver species using a chemical equilibrium model. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to track intracellular silver speciation. Cellular toxicity, silver accumulation, and metallothionein (MT) mRNA levels were also measured. Cells accumulated the same concentrations of silver when exposed to equimolar amounts ( i.e. 1, 5 and 10 μM) of AgNO 3 or cit-AgNPs. However, AgNO 3 was shown to be more toxic than cit-AgNPs. Intracellular silver speciation changed over time in both exposure series. After 1 hour, intracellular silver speciation was dominated by chloride complexation in both exposures. After 24 and 72 hours of exposure to cit-AgNPs, ∼7% of silver was complexed to cysteine, whereas the remaining silver was AgNPs. In cells exposed to AgNO 3 for 72 hours, 97% of Ag was complexed to cysteine. A significant increase, compared to controls, in metallothionein mRNA levels at 24 and 72 hours of exposure to AgNO 3 and cit-AgNPs can explain the formation of Ag–cysteine complexes. In summary, these data show that silver chloride species are bioavailable and that complexation to cysteine scavenges intracellular dissolved silver ions, thus preventing toxicity. Silver nanoparticles present a similar but attenuated toxic response to AgNO 3 . Thus, at least in acute exposures, existing risk assessment for dissolved silver species could be protective for nanosilver. 

   more » « less
5. Nickel enrichment of next-generation NMC nanomaterials alters material stability, causing unexpected dissolution behavior and observed toxicity to S. oneidensis MR-1 and D. magna

   https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EN01074B  

   Buchman, Joseph T. ; Bennett, Evan A. ; Wang, Chenyu ; Abbaspour Tamijani, Ali ; Bennett, Joseph W. ; Hudson, Blake G. ; Green, Curtis M. ; Clement, Peter L. ; Zhi, Bo ; Henke, Austin H. ; et al ( February 2020 , Environmental Science: Nano)

   Lithium intercalation compounds, such as the complex metal oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNi x Mn y Co 1−x−y O 2 , herein referred to as NMC), have demonstrated their utility as energy storage materials. In response to recent concerns about the global supply of cobalt, industrially synthesized NMCs are shifting toward using NMC compositions with enriched nickel content. However, nickel is one of the more toxic components of NMC materials, meriting investigation of the toxicity of these materials on environmentally relevant organisms. Herein, the toxicity of both nanoscale and microscale Ni-enriched NMCs to the bacterium, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, and the zooplankton, Daphnia magna , was assessed. Unexpectedly, for the bacteria, all NMC materials exhibited similar toxicity when used at equal surface area-based doses, despite the different nickel content in each. Material dissolution to toxic species, namely nickel and cobalt ions, was therefore modelled using a combined density functional theory and thermodynamics approach, which showed an increase in material stability due to the Ni-enriched material containing nickel with an oxidation state >2. The increased stability of this material means that similar dissolution is expected between Ni-enriched NMC and equistoichiometric NMC, which is what was found in experiments. For S. oneidensis , the toxicity of the released ions recapitulated toxicity of NMC nanoparticles. For D. magna , nickel enrichment increased the observed toxicity of NMC, but this toxicity was not due to ion release. Association of the NMC was observed with both S. oneidensis and D. magna. This work demonstrates that for organisms where the major mode of toxicity is based on ion release, including more nickel in NMC does not impact toxicity due to increased particle stability; however, for organisms where the core composition dictates the toxicity, including more nickel in the redesign strategy may lead to greater toxicity due to nanoparticle-specific impacts on the organism. 

   more » « less