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1. Bone tissue engineering techniques, advances, and scaffolds for treatment of bone defects

   https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobme.2020.100248  

   Alonzo, Matthew; Primo, Fabian Alvarez; Anil Kumar, Shweta; Mudloff, Joel A.; Dominguez, Erick; Fregoso, Gisel; Ortiz, Nick; Weiss, William M.; Joddar, Binata. (April 2021, Current opinion in biomedical engineering)

   Edited by Aldo Boccaccini, Himansu Sekhar (Ed.)

   Bone tissue engineering (BTE) aims to develop strategies to regenerate damaged or diseased bone using a combination of cells, growth factors, and biomaterials. This article highlights recent advances in BTE, with particular emphasis on the role of the biomaterials as scaffolding material to heal bone defects. Studies encompass the utilization of bioceramics, composites, and myriad hydrogels that have been fashioned by injection molding, electrospinning, and 3D bioprinting over recent years, with the aim to provide an insight into the progress of BTE along with a commentary on their scope and possibilities to aid future research. The biocompatibility and structural efficacy of some of these biomaterials are also discussed. 

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2. Biomechanically tunable scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration and testbeds of cancer bone metastasis

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2024.102024  

   Kundu, Krishna; Gaikwad, Hanmant K.; Jaswandkar, Sharad V.; Ravi, Preetham; Vyas, Parth; Hoffmann, Mark R.; Cakir, Deniz; Katti, Dinesh R.; Katti, Kalpana S. (March 2024, Materialia)
3. Mechanical Characterization of Porous Bone-like Scaffolds with Complex Microstructures for Bone Regeneration

   https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12040416  

   Coburn, Brandon; Salary, Roozbeh Ross (April 2025, Bioengineering)

   Janorkar, Amol V; Vozzi, Giovanni (Ed.)

   The patient-specific treatment of bone fractures using porous osteoconductive scaffolds has faced significant clinical challenges due to insufficient mechanical strength and bioactivity. These properties are essential for osteogenesis, bone bridging, and bone regeneration. Therefore, it is crucial to develop and characterize biocompatible, biodegradable, and mechanically robust scaffolds for effective bone regeneration. The objective of this study is to systematically investigate the mechanical performance of SimuBone, a medical-grade biocompatible and biodegradable material, using 10 distinct triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) designs with various internal structures. To assess the material’s tensile properties, tensile structures based on ASTM D638-14 (Design IV) were fabricated, while standard torsion structures were designed and fabricated to evaluate torsional properties. Additionally, this work examined the compressive properties of the 10 TPMS scaffold designs, parametrically designed in the Rhinoceros 3D environment and subsequently fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM) additive manufacturing. The FDM fabrication process utilized a microcapillary nozzle (heated to 240 °C) with a diameter of 400 µm and a print speed of 10 mm/s, depositing material on a heated surface maintained at 60 °C. It was observed that SimuBone had a shear modulus of 714.79 ± 11.97 MPa as well as an average yield strength of 44 ± 1.31 MPa. Scaffolds fabricated with horizontal material deposition exhibited the highest tensile modulus (5404.20 ± 192.30 MPa), making them ideal for load-bearing applications. Also, scaffolds with large voids required thicker walls to prevent collapse. The P.W. Hybrid scaffold design demonstrated high vertical stiffness but moderate horizontal stiffness, indicating anisotropic mechanical behavior. The Neovius scaffold design balanced mechanical stiffness and porosity, making it a promising candidate for bone tissue engineering. Overall, the outcomes of this study pave the way for the design and fabrication of scaffolds with optimal properties for the treatment of bone fractures. 

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4. Patient-Derived Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis In Vitro Model Using Bone-Mimetic Nanoclay Scaffolds

   https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5753666  

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   Stabler, Cherie L. (Ed.)

   The unavailability of reliable models for studying breast cancer bone metastasis is the major challenge associated with poor prognosis in advanced-stage breast cancer patients. Breast cancer cells tend to preferentially disseminate to bone and colonize within the remodeling bone to cause bone metastasis. To improve the outcome of patients with breast cancer bone metastasis, we have previously developed a 3D in vitro breast cancer bone metastasis model using human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and primary breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDAMB231), recapitulating late-stage of breast cancer metastasis to bone. In the present study, we have tested our model using hMSCs and patient-derived breast cancer cell lines (NT013 and NT023) exhibiting different characteristics. We investigated the effect of breast cancer metastasis on bone growth using this 3D in vitro model and compared our results with previous studies. The results showed that NT013 and NT023 cells exhibiting hormone-positive and triple-negative characteristics underwent mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) and formed tumors in the presence of bone microenvironment, in line with our previous results with MCF-7 and MDAMB231 cell lines. In addition, the results showed upregulation of Wnt-related genes in hMSCs, cultured in the presence of excessive ET-1 cytokine released by NT013 cells, while downregulation of Wnt-related genes in the presence of excessive DKK-1, released by NT023 cells, leading to stimulation and abrogation of the osteogenic pathway, respectively, ultimately mimicking different types of bone lesions in breast cancer patients. 

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5. Bone toughness changes during skeletal growth in brittle osteogenesis imperfecta bone. How and why?

   Docaj, A.; Jeong, M.S.; Zimmermann, E.A.; Ritchie, R.O.; Carriero, A. (January 2021, IntOI 2020+1: Virtual International OI Meeting Early-Stage Investigator Symposium)