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1. Towards understanding the moral reasoning process of senior chemical engineering students in process safety contexts.

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ece.2019.03.004  

   Butler, B. ; Bodnar, C. ; Cooper, M. ; Burkey, D. ; Anastasio, D. ( April 2019 , Education for chemical engineers)

   Despite process safety and ethical decision making being recognized priorities in many chemical companies, process safety incidents continue to occur with unfortunate regularity. In order to understand why such incidents keep occurring, and to prevent future accidents from happening, it is important to study the decision-making habits of people employed at chemical companies, and to inform students of the difference between the influences of ethics and behavioral ethics in process safety decision making. This study seeks to determine how senior chemical engineering students approach reasoning through process safety scenarios through the use of a mixed methods study. This study found that four out of the five students who participated in the study demonstrated post-conventional reasoning, and the remaining student showed conventional reasoning based on the quantitative analysis of their responses. Students showed mostly post-conventional reasoning in their responses based on a qualitative analysis; however, through comparison of these results it was found that the moral schema students were classified as was not always truly representative of their moral reasoning. 

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2. Process Safety Analysis for Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene Synthesis and Processing

   https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05416  

   Lakhe, Pritishma ; Prehn, Evan M. ; Habib, Touseef ; Lutkenhaus, Jodie L. ; Radovic, Miladin ; Mannan, M. Sam ; Green, Micah J. ( January 2019 , Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research)
3. Formal Synthesis of Safety Controllers for Unknown Systems Using Gaussian Process Transfer Learning

   https://doi.org/10.1109/LCSYS.2023.3341548  

   Awan, Asad Ullah ; Zamani, Majid ( January 2023 , IEEE Control Systems Letters)
4. Pointwise Feasibility of Gaussian Process-based Safety-Critical Control under Model Uncertainty

   https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC45484.2021.9683743  

   Castaneda, Fernando ; Choi, Jason J. ; Zhang, Bike ; Tomlin, Claire J. ; Sreenath, Koushil ( December 2021 , IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC))
5. Authentic process safety decisions in an engineering ethics context: expression of student moral development within surveys and immersive environments

   https://doi.org/10.1080/22054952.2020.1809881  

   Stransky, Jeffrey ; Bodnar, Cheryl A. ; Cooper, Mathew ; Anastasio, Daniel ; Burkey, Daniel ( January 2020 , Australasian Journal of Engineering Education)

   null (Ed.)

   Two methods of assessing senior chemical engineering student ethical decision making in a process safety context were developed; the case-study-based Engineering Process Safety Reasoning Instrument (EPSRI) and a digital immersive environment entitled Contents Under Pressure. Both interventions had similar ethical and process safety decision prompts, but were presented in different manners; the EPSRI as a traditional electronic survey, and Contents Under Pressure as a digital immersive environment (“game”). 148 chemical engineering seniors at three institutions responded to both interventions and responses were compared. Student responses to the traditionally formatted EPSRI revealed most students applied post-conventional reasoning, which is uncommon for students in their age range. This suggests that students are aware of the ethical framing of the instrument, and answer accordingly with the perceived “right” response. Student responses to Contents Under Pressure showed significant differences from the EPSRI, including more typical conventional responses. These results suggest that the authenticity of the digital environment can produce more realistic student responses to ethical and process safety dilemmas. Situating ethical and process safety instruction within this type of educational intervention may allow students to gain insight on their ethical decision making process in a safer, low-risk environment. 

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