Abstract Direct D-H exchange in radicals is investigated in a quasi-uniform flow employing chirped-pulse millimeter-wave spectroscopy. Inspired by the H-atom catalyzed isomerization of C3H2reported in our previous study, D-atom reactions with the propargyl (C3H3) radical and its photoproducts were investigated. We observed very efficient D-atom enrichment in the photoproducts through an analogous process of D addition/H elimination to C3H2isomers occurring at 40 K or below. Cyclic C3HD is the only deuterated isomer observed, consistent with the expected addition/elimination yielding the lowest energy product. The other expected addition/elimination product, deuterated propargyl, is not directly detected, although its presence is inferred by the observations in the latter part of the flow. There, in the high-density region of the flow, we observed both isotopomers of singly deuterated propyne attributed to stabilization of the H+C3H2D or D+C3H3adducts. The implications of these observations for the deuterium fractionation of hydrocarbon radicals in astrochemical environments is discussed with the support of a monodeuterated chemical kinetic model.
more »
« less
Isomer-selected ion–molecule reactions of acetylene cations with propyne and allene
One of the fundamental goals of chemistry is to determine how molecular structure influences interactions and leads to different reaction products. Studies of isomer-selected and resolved chemical reactions can shed light directly on how form leads to function. In the following, we present the results of gas-phase reactions between acetylene cations (C 2 D 2 + ) with two different isomers of C 3 H 4 : propyne (DC 3 D 3 ) and allene (H 2 C 3 H 2 ). Our highly controlled, trapped-ion environment allows for precise determination of reaction products and kinetics. From these results, we can infer details of the underlying reaction dynamics of C 2 H 2 + + C 3 H 4 . Through the synergy of experimental results and high-level quantum chemical potential energy surface calculations, we are able to identify distinct reaction mechanisms for the two isomers. We find long-range charge exchange with no complex formation is favored for allene, whereas charge exchange leads to an intermediate reaction complex for propyne and thus, different products. Therefore, this reaction displays a pronounced isomer-selective bi-molecular reactive process.
more »
« less
- PAR ID:
- 10232069
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
- Volume:
- 22
- Issue:
- 36
- ISSN:
- 1463-9076
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 20303 to 20310
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
More Like this
-
-
Superfluid helium nanodroplets are unique nanomatrices for the isolation and study of transient molecular species, such as radicals, carbenes, and ions. In this work, isomers of C3H4+ were produced upon electron ionization of propyne and allene molecules and interrogated via infrared spectroscopy inside He nanodroplet matrices. It was found that the spectrum of C3H4+ has at least three distinct groups of bands. The relative intensities of the bands depend on the precursor employed and its pickup pressure, which indicates the presence of at least three different isomers. Two isomers were identified as allene and propyne radical cations. The third isomer, which has several new bands in the range of 3100–3200 cm−1, may be the elusive vinylmethylene H2C=CH–CH+ radical cation. The observed bands for the allene and propyne cations are in good agreement with the results of density functional theory calculations. However, there is only moderate agreement between the new bands and the theoretically calculated vinylmethylene spectrum, which indicates more work is necessary to unambiguously assign it.more » « less
-
[RuCp*(1,3,5-R 3 C 6 H 3 )] 2 {Cp* = η 5 -pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, R = Me, Et} have previously been found to be moderately air stable, yet highly reducing, with estimated D + /0.5D 2 (where D 2 and D + represent the dimer and the corresponding monomeric cation, respectively) redox potentials of ca. −2.0 V vs. FeCp 2 +/0 . These properties have led to their use as n-dopants for organic semiconductors. Use of arenes substituted with π-electron donors is anticipated to lead to even more strongly reducing dimers. [RuCp*(1-(Me 2 N)-3,5-Me 2 C 6 H 3 )] + PF 6 − and [RuCp*(1,4-(Me 2 N) 2 C 6 H 4 )] + PF 6 − have been synthesized and electrochemically and crystallographically characterized; both exhibit D + /D potentials slightly more cathodic than [RuCp*(1,3,5-R 3 C 6 H 3 )] + . Reduction of [RuCp*(1,4-(Me 2 N) 2 C 6 H 4 )] + PF 6 − using silica-supported sodium–potassium alloy leads to a mixture of isomers of [RuCp*(1,4-(Me 2 N) 2 C 6 H 4 )] 2 , two of which have been crystallographically characterized. One of these isomers has a similar molecular structure to [RuCp*(1,3,5-Et 3 C 6 H 3 )] 2 ; the central C–C bond is exo , exo , i.e. , on the opposite face of both six-membered rings from the metals. A D + /0.5D 2 potential of −2.4 V is estimated for this exo , exo dimer, more reducing than that of [RuCp*(1,3,5-R 3 C 6 H 3 )] 2 (−2.0 V). This isomer reacts much more rapidly with both air and electron acceptors than [RuCp*(1,3,5-R 3 C 6 H 3 )] 2 due to a much more cathodic D 2 ˙ + /D 2 potential. The other isomer to be crystallographically characterized, along with a third isomer, are both dimerized in an exo , endo fashion, representing the first examples of such dimers. Density functional theory calculations and reactivity studies indicate that the central bonds of these two isomers are weaker than those of the exo , exo isomer, or of [RuCp*(1,3,5-R 3 C 6 H 3 )] 2 , leading to estimated D + /0.5D 2 potentials of −2.5 and −2.6 V vs. FeCp 2 +/0 . At the same time the D 2 ˙ + /D 2 potentials for the exo , endo dimers are anodically shifted relative to those of [RuCp*(1,3,5-R 3 C 6 H 3 )] 2 , resulting in much greater air stability than for the exo , exo isomer.more » « less
-
Abstract The hitherto elusive monobridged Ge(μ‐H)GeH (X1A′) molecule was prepared in the gas phase by bimolecular reaction of atomic germanium with germane (GeH4). Electronic structure calculations revealed that this reaction commenced on the triplet surface with the formation of a van der Waals complex, followed by insertion of germanium into a germanium‐hydrogen bond over a submerged barrier to form the triplet digermanylidene intermediate (HGeGeH3); the latter underwent intersystem crossing from the triplet to the singlet surface. On the singlet surface, HGeGeH3predominantly isomerized through two successive hydrogen shifts prior to unimolecular decomposition to Ge(μ‐H)GeH isomer, which is in equilibrium with the vinylidene‐type (H2GeGe) and dibridged (Ge(μ‐H2)Ge) isomers. This reaction leads to the formation of cyclic dinuclear germanium molecules, which do not exist on the isovalent C2H2surface, thus deepening our understanding of the role of nonadiabatic reaction dynamics in preparing nonclassical, hydrogen‐bridged isomers carrying main group XIV elements.more » « less
-
Abstract In a high‐resolution photoelectron imaging and theoretical study of the IrB3−cluster, two isomers were observed experimentally with electron affinities (EAs) of 1.3147(8) and 1.937(4) eV. Quantum calculations revealed two nearly degenerate isomers competing for the global minimum, both with a B3ring coordinated with the Ir atom. The isomer with the higher EA consists of a B3ring with a bridge‐bonded Ir atom (Cs,2A′), and the second isomer features a tetrahedral structure (C3v,2A1). The neutral tetrahedral structure was predicted to be considerably more stable than all other isomers. Chemical bonding analysis showed that the neutralC3visomer involves significant covalent Ir−B bonding and weak ionic bonding with charge transfer from B3to Ir, and can be viewed as an Ir–(η3‐B3+) complex. This study provides the first example of a boron‐to‐metal charge‐transfer complex and evidence of a π‐aromatic B3+ring coordinated to a transition metal.more » « less
An official website of the United States government

