Optimal function in the brain, especially in hippocampus—an area involved in learning and memory—requires tight regulation of intracellular pH (pHi) within neurons and neuroglial. The Na‐H exchangers (NHEs) are the major family of acid/base proteins involved in regulating pHi in the absence of CO2/HCO3. In the present study, we used the pH‐sensitive dye BCECF to examine the regulation of steady‐state pHi and the recovery of pHi from NH4+ ‐induced intracellular acid loads in HC neurons and astrocytes, co‐cultured from embryonic (E18‐20) Sprague Dawley rats, and studied in CO2/HCO3 −‐free HEPES buffered (“HEPES”) solutions. After at least 14‐days in a CO2/HCO3 – incubator, cells were removed, loaded with BCECF, and placed in a recording chamber with flowing HEPES. At the beginning of each experiment, we measured pHi (checkpoint A) after allowing pHi to stabilize for 5 minutes (checkpoint C), and reported mean “initial pHi”/SEM for neurons as 7.351/0.0597; N=37 (astrocytes: 7.189/0.0118, N=25) the value at checkpoint C = (pHi)C. After using the twin paired NH4+ ‐pulse protocol to acid load cells, we find that—after the pHi recovery from the first acid load—the average neuronal steady‐state pHi (now at checkpoint E; (pHi)E) is 6.953/0.0601(astrocytes: 7.037/0.0081). After the second NH4+ pulse the neuronal steady‐state pHi (now at checkpoint F; (pHi)F) in neurons is 6.937/0.010 (astrocytes: 7.020/0.0062). The recovery from acidosis is fit with a double exponential (DExp) which we replot as dpHi/dt vs pHi. With this traditional approach, dpHi/dt, the fit as it approaches the asymptotic pHi, becomes slightly non‐linear. To exploit the mainly linearity portion of the dpHi/dt vs. pHi plot (from the DExp fit) of the double exponential, we fit these dpHi/dt vs. pHi points with a DExp with a quasi‐ single exponential (SExp) to produce a quasi–single‐exponential rate constant (kqSExp) measured as dpH/dt. This analysis—when transformed to the pHi vs. time domain—generally produces a very good fit to the original pHi vs. time data. The mean kqSExp1 in neurons is 0.0054/ 0.0008 (astrocytes: 0.0107/0.0002) whereas the mean kqSExp2 in neurons is 0.0055/0.0008 (astrocytes: 0.0010/0.0003). We summarize the twin pHi recoveries from individual experiments in which we display as thumbnails the quasi–single‐exponential dpHi/dt line segments that represent the pHi recoveries from the first and second NH3/NH4+ pulses. These new analytical approaches may ultimately provide mechanistic insight into cell‐to‐cell heterogeneity of pHi regulation in the nervous system.
Reconciling MA′AT and molecular dynamics models of linkage conformation in oligosaccharides
MA′AT conformational models of the phi torsion angles of O -glycosidic linkages differ from those obtained from MD simulation. To determine the source of the discrepancy, MA′AT analyses were performed using DFT-derived equations obtained with and without psi constraints. The resulting phi models were essentially the same, indicating a force-field problem. Circular standard deviations (CSDs) were found to provide reliable estimates of torsional averaging.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2002625
- PAR ID:
- 10247239
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
- Volume:
- 22
- Issue:
- 26
- ISSN:
- 1463-9076
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 14454 to 14457
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cp01389g
