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   https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125664  

   Bond, Baxter; Vilagi, Alana; Pride, Dominique J. (June 2023, Sensors)

   In this work, we present hardware and firmware design and preliminary testing results for a noninvasive device for measuring fuel oil consumption in fuel oil vented heaters. Fuel oil vented heaters are a popular space heating method in northern climates. Monitoring fuel consumption is useful to understanding residential daily and seasonal heating patterns and understanding the thermal characteristics of buildings. The device is a pump monitoring apparatus (PuMA) that employs a magnetoresistive sensor to monitor the activity of solenoid driven positive displacement pumps, which are commonly used in fuel oil vented heaters. PuMA accuracy for calculating fuel oil consumption was evaluated in a lab setting and found to vary up to 7% from the measured consumption value during testing. This variance will be explored more in field testing. 

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3. Scattered waves fuel emergent activity

   https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.013055  

   King, Ella M; Morrell, Mia C; Sustiel, Jacqueline B; Gronert, Matthew; Pastor, Hayden; Grier, David G (January 2025, Physical Review Research)

   Active matter taps into external energy sources to power its own processes. Systems of passive particles ordinarily lack this capacity, but can become active if the constituent particles interact with each other nonreciprocally. By reformulating the theory of classical wave-matter interactions, we demonstrate that interactions mediated by scattered waves generally are not constrained by Newton's third law. The resulting center-of-mass forces propel clusters of scatterers, enabling them to extract energy from the wave and rendering them active. This form of activity is an emergent property of the scatterers' state of organization and can arise in any system where mobile objects scatter waves. Emergent activity flips the script on conventional active matter whose nonreciprocity emerges from its activity, and not the other way around. We combine theory, experiment, and simulation to illustrate how emergent activity arises in wave-matter composite systems and to explore the phenomenology of emergent activity in experimentally accessible models. These preliminary studies suggest that heterogeneity is a singular perturbation to the dynamics of wave-matter composite systems, and induces emergent activity under all but the most limited circumstances. 

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   Shaw, Samuel; Hou, Yunfei; Zhong, Weida; Sun, Qingquan; Guan, Tong; Su, Lu (September 2019, 2019 IEEE 90th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2019-Fall))