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Title: Rational design of small molecule fluorescent probes for biological applications
Fluorescent small molecules are powerful tools for visualizing biological events, embodying an essential facet of chemical biology. Since the discovery of the first organic fluorophore, quinine, in 1845, both synthetic and theoretical efforts have endeavored to “modulate” fluorescent compounds. An advantage of synthetic dyes is the ability to employ modern organic chemistry strategies to tailor chemical structures and thereby rationally tune photophysical properties and functionality of the fluorophore. This review explores general factors affecting fluorophore excitation and emission spectra, molar absorption, Stokes shift, and quantum efficiency; and provides guidelines for chemist to create novel probes. Structure–property relationships concerning the substituents are discussed in detail with examples for several dye families. We also present a survey of functional probes based on PeT, FRET, and environmental or photo-sensitivity, focusing on representative recent work in each category. We believe that a full understanding of dyes with diverse chemical moieties enables the rational design of probes for the precise interrogation of biochemical and biological phenomena.  more » « less
Award ID(s):
1708759
PAR ID:
10278331
Author(s) / Creator(s):
; ;
Date Published:
Journal Name:
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry
Volume:
18
Issue:
30
ISSN:
1477-0520
Page Range / eLocation ID:
5747 to 5763
Format(s):
Medium: X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
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