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1. Purification and Fractionation of Lignin via ALPHA: Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium for the Lignin–Acetic Acid–Water System

   https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202300989  

   Agede, Oreoluwa ; Thies, Mark C. ( October 2023 , ChemSusChem)

   In order to effectively practice the Aqueous Lignin Purification with Hot Agents (ALPHA) process for lignin purification and fractionation, the temperatures and feed compositions where regions of liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) exist must be identified. To this end, pseudo‐ternary phase diagrams for the lignin–acetic acid–water system were mapped out at 45–95 °C and various solvent: feed lignin mass ratios (S : F). For a given temperature, the accompanying SL (solid–liquid), SLL (solid–liquid–liquid), and one‐phase regions were also located. For the first time, ALPHA using acetic acid (AcOH)–water solution was applied to a lignin recovered via the commercial LignoBoost process. In addition to determining tie‐line compositions for the two regions of LLE that were discovered, the distribution of lignin and key impurities (the latter can negatively impact lignin performance for materials applications) between the two liquid phases was also measured. As a representative example, lignin isolated in the lignin‐rich phase was reduced 7x in metals and 4x in polysaccharides by using ALPHA with a feed solvent composition of 50–55 % AcOH and an S : F of 6 : 1, with said lignin being obtained at a yield of 50–70 % of the feed lignin and having a molecular weight triple that of the feed.

    

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2. Liquid–liquid equilibrium compositions and global phase behavior for the lignin–acetic acid–water system at 70 and 95 °C

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2018.01.002  

   Ding, Junhuan ; Klett, Adam S. ; Gamble, Jordan A. ; Tindall, Graham W. ; Thies, Mark C. ( April 2018 , Fluid Phase Equilibria)
3. Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium Compositions and Global Phase Behavior for Lignin–Acetone–Water Ternary at 25, 45, and 65 °C

   https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03522  

   Temples, Spencer C. ; Gathmann, Sallye R. ; Ding, Junhuan ; Thies, Mark C. ( December 2019 , Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research)
4. Liquid-liquid equilibria of water + ethanol + castor oil and the effect of cellulose nanocrystal/Fe3O4 and lignin/Fe3O4 nanoparticles

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2023.107007  

   Hasan, Mohammad J. ; Yeganeh, Fariba ; Ciric, Amy ; Chen, Peng ; Vasquez, Erick S. ; Ureña-Benavides, Esteban E. ( May 2023 , The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics)
5. Continuous recovery of high-purity Kraft lignin from black liquor via simultaneous, liquid-phase acidification and purification

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115084  

   Fitzgerald, Carter L. ; Thies, Mark C. ( September 2022 , Industrial Crops and Products)