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1. Analysis of the Rigid Motion of a Conical Developable Mechanism

   https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4050294  

   Woodland, McKell; Hsiung, Michelle; Matheson, Erin L.; Safsten, C. Alex; Greenwood, Jacob; Halverson, Denise M.; Howell, Larry L. (June 2021, Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics)

   null (Ed.)

   Abstract We demonstrate analytically that it is possible to construct a developable mechanism on a cone that has rigid motion. We solve for the paths of rigid motion and analyze the properties of this motion. In particular, we provide an analytical method for predicting the behavior of the mechanism with respect to the conical surface. Moreover, we observe that the conical developable mechanisms specified in this article have motion paths that necessarily contain bifurcation points, which lead to an unbounded array of motion paths in the parameterization plane. 

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2. Designing Developable Mechanisms From Flat Patterns

   https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC2020-22445  

   Hyatt, Lance P.; Lytle, Amanda; Magleby, Spencer P.; Howell, Larry L. (January 2020, Proceedings of the 2020 International Design Engineering Conferences)

   null (Ed.)

   Abstract This paper presents tools and methods to design cylindrical and conical developable mechanisms from flat, planar patterns. Equations are presented that relate the link lengths and link angles of planar and spherical mechanisms to the dimensions in a flat configuration. These flat patterns can then be formed into curved, developable mechanisms. Guidelines are established to determine if a mechanism described by a flat pattern can exhibit intramobile or extramobile behavior. A developable mechanism can only potentially exhibit intramobile or extramobile behavior if none of the links extend beyond half of the flat pattern. The behavior of a mechanism can change depending on the location of the cut of the flat pattern. Different joint designs are discussed including lamina emergent torsional (LET) joints. Physical examples are presented. 

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3. Developable mechanisms on developable surfaces

   https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aau5171  

   Nelson, Todd G.; Zimmerman, Trent K.; Magleby, Spencer P.; Lang, Robert J.; Howell, Larry L. (February 2019, Science Robotics)

   The trend toward smaller mechanism footprints and volumes, while maintaining the ability to perform complex tasks, presents the opportunity for exploration of hypercompact mechanical systems integrated with curved surfaces. Developable surfaces are shapes that a flat sheet can take without tearing or stretching, and they represent a wide range of manufactured surfaces. This work introduces “developable mechanisms” as devices that emerge from or conform to developable surfaces. They are made possible by aligning hinge axes with developable surface ruling lines to enable mobility. Because rigid-link motion depends on the relative orientation of hinge axes and not link geometry, links can take the shape of the corresponding developable surface. Mechanisms are classified by their associated surface type, and these relationships are defined and demonstrated by example. Developable mechanisms show promise for meeting unfilled needs using systems not previously envisioned. 

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4. Limits of Extramobile and Intramobile Motion of Cylindrical Developable Mechanisms

   https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC2020-22544  

   Butler, Jared; Greenwood, Jacob; Howell, Larry L.; Magleby, Spencer P. (January 2020, Proceedings of the 2020 International Design Engineering Conferences)

   null (Ed.)

   Abstract Mechanisms that can both deploy and perform desired tasks offer a multifunctional advantage over traditional mechanisms. Developable mechanisms (DMs) are devices capable of conforming to a predetermined developable surface and deploying from that surface to achieve specific motions. This paper presents new terminology that defines motion of developable mechanisms while interior and exterior to a developable surface. The limits of motion are identified using defined conditions, and it is shown that the more difficult of these conditions may be treated as a non-factor during the design of cylindrical developable mechanisms given certain assumptions. 

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5. Hinges and Curved Lamina Emergent Torsional Joints in Cylindrical Developable Mechanisms

   https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC2020-22049  

   Seymour, Kendall; Bilancia, Pietro; Magleby, Spencer; Howell, Larry (January 2020, Proceedings of the 2020 International Design Engineering Conferences)

   null (Ed.)

   Abstract Cylindrical developable mechanisms are devices that conform to and emerge from a cylindrical surface. These mechanisms can be formed or cut from the cylinder wall itself. This paper presents a study on adapting traditional hinge options to achieve revolute motion in these mechanisms. A brief overview of options is given, including classical pin hinges, small-length flexural pivots, initially curved beams, and an adaptation of the membrane thickness-accommodation technique. Curved Lamina Emergent Torsional (LET) joints are then evaluated in detail, and a thin-walled modeling assumption is checked analytically and empirically. A small-scale cylindrical developable mechanism is then evaluated with Nitinol curved LET joints. 

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