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1. Characterizing seasonal changes in the reproductive activity of Culex mosquitoes throughout the fall, winter, and spring in Ohio

   https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-05806-0  

   Siperstein, Alden; Pomeroy, Laura W.; Robare, Sydney; Sarko, Lucas; Dehus, Hannah; Lowmiller, Taylor; Fyie, Lydia; Meuti, Megan E. (May 2023, Parasites & Vectors)

   Abstract BackgroundCulexmosquitoes are the primary vectors of West Nile virus (WNV) across the USA. Understanding when these vectors are active indicates times when WNV transmission can occur. This study determined the proportion of femaleCulexmosquitoes that were in diapause during the fall and winter and when they terminated diapause and began blood feeding in the spring. MethodsMosquitoes were collected from parks using various traps and/or aspirated from culverts in Franklin County, Ohio, from October to mid-May from 2019 to 2022.Culexmosquitoes were morphologically identified to species, and the ovaries of females were dissected to determine their diapause and parity statuses. ResultsBy early October 2021, roughly 95% ofCulex pipienscollected in culverts were in diapause and 98% ofCx. erraticuswere in diapause. Furthermore, gravid and blood-fedCulex salinarius,Cx. pipiens, andCx. restuanswere collected in late November in 2019 and 2021 in standard mosquito traps. In the winter of 2021, the proportions of non-diapausingCulexdecreased within culverts. The last non-diapausingCx. erraticuswas collected in late December 2021 while the final non-diapausingCx. pipienswas collected in mid-January 2022, both in culverts. Roughly 50% ofCx. pipiensterminated diapause by mid-March 2022, further supported by our collections of gravid females in late March in all 3 years of mosquito collection. In fact, male mosquitoes ofCx. pipiens,Cx. restuans, andCx. territanswere collected by the 1st week of May in 2022, indicating that multiple species ofCulexproduced a second generation that reached adulthood by this time. ConclusionsWe collected blood-fed and gravidCulexfemales into late November in 2 of the 3 years of our collections, indicating that it might be possible for WNV transmission to occur in late fall in temperate climates like Ohio. The persistence of non-diapausingCx. pipiensandCx. erraticusthroughout December has important implications for the winter survival of WNV vectors and our overall understanding of diapause. Finally, determining whenCulexterminate diapause in the spring may allow us to optimize mosquito management programs and reduce the spread of WNV before it is transmitted to humans. Graphical Abstract 

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2. Condition-Specific Competitive Effects of the Invasive Mosquito Aedes albopictus on the Resident Culex pipiens among Different Urban Container Habitats May Explain Their Coexistence in the Field

   https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12110993  

   Leisnham, Paul T.; LaDeau, Shannon L.; Saunders, Megan E.; Villena, Oswaldo C. (November 2021, Insects)

   null (Ed.)

   Condition-specific competition, when environmental conditions alter the outcome of competition, can foster the persistence of resident species after the invasion of a competitively superior invader. We test whether condition-specific competition can facilitate the areawide persistence of the resident and principal West Nile virus vector mosquito Culex pipiens with the competitively superior invasive Aedes albopictus in water from different urban container habitats. (2) Methods: We tested the effects of manipulated numbers of A. albopictus on C. pipiens’ survival and development in water collected from common functional and discarded containers in Baltimore, MD, USA. The experiment was conducted with typical numbers of larvae found in field surveys of C. pipiens and A. albopictus and container water quality. (3) Results: We found increased densities of A. albopictus negatively affected the survivorship and development of C. pipiens in water from discarded containers but had little effect in water from functional containers. This finding was driven by water from trash cans, which allowed consistently higher C. pipiens’ survival and development and had greater mean ammonia and nitrate concentrations that can promote microbial food than other container types. (4) Conclusions: These results suggest that the contents of different urban containers alter the effects of invasive A. albopictus competition on resident C. pipiens, that trash cans, in particular, facilitate the persistence of C. pipiens, and that there could be implications for West Nile virus risk as a result. 

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3. Climate‐related geographical variation in performance traits across the invasion front of a widespread non‐native insect

   https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14005  

   Thompson, Lily_M; Powers, Sean_D; Appolon, Ashley; Hafker, Petra; Milner, Lelia; Parry, Dylan; Agosta, Salvatore_J; Grayson, Kristine_L (November 2020, Journal of Biogeography)

   Abstract AimInvasive species are ideal systems for testing geographical differences in performance traits and measuring evolutionary responses as a species spreads across divergent climates and habitats. The European gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar disparL. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), is a generalist forest defoliator introduced to Medford, Massachusetts, USA in 1869. The invasion front extends from Minnesota to North Carolina and the ability of this species to adapt to local climate may contribute to its continuing spread. We evaluated the performance of populations along the climatic gradient of the invasion front to test for a relationship between climate and ecologically important performance traits. LocationEastern United States of America TaxonLymantria dispar disparL. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) MethodsInsects from 14 populations across the US invasion front and interior of the invasive range were reared from hatch to adult emergence in six constant temperature treatments. The responses of survival, pupal mass and larval development time were analysed as a function of source climate (annual mean normal temperature), rearing temperature and their interaction using multiple polynomial regression. ResultsWith the exception of female development time, there were no significant interactions between source climate and rearing temperature, indicating little divergence in the shape of thermal reaction norms among populations. Source population and rearing temperature were significant predictors of survival and pupal mass. Independent of rearing temperature, populations from warmer climates had lower survival than those from colder climates, but attained larger body size despite similar development times. Larval development time was dependent on rearing temperature, but there were not consistent relationships with source climate. Main ConclusionsThermal adaptation can be an important factor shaping the spread of invasive species, particularly in the context of climate change. Our results suggest thatL. d. disparis highly plastic, but has undergone climate‐related adaptation in thermal performance and life‐history traits as it spread across North America. 

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4. Culex pipiens and Culex restuans egg rafts harbor diverse bacterial communities compared to their midgut tissues

   https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04408-4  

   Juma, Elijah O.; Kim, Chang-Hyun; Dunlap, Christopher; Allan, Brian F.; Stone, Chris M. (December 2020, Parasites & Vectors)

   null (Ed.)

   Abstract Background The bacterial communities associated with mosquito eggs are an essential component of the mosquito microbiota, yet there are few studies characterizing and comparing the microbiota of mosquito eggs to other host tissues. Methods We sampled gravid female Culex pipiens L. and Culex restuans Theobald from the field, allowed them to oviposit in the laboratory, and characterized the bacterial communities associated with their egg rafts and midguts for comparison through MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Results Bacterial richness was higher in egg rafts than in midguts for both species, and higher in Cx pipiens than Cx. restuans . The midgut samples of Cx. pipiens and Cx. restuans were dominated by Providencia. Culex pipiens and Cx. restuans egg rafts samples were dominated by Ralstonia and Novosphingobium , respectively. NMDS ordination based on Bray-Curtis distance matrix revealed that egg-raft samples, or midgut tissues harbored similar bacterial communities regardless of the mosquito species. Within each mosquito species, there was a distinct clustering of bacterial communities between egg raft and midgut tissues. Conclusion These findings expand the list of described bacterial communities associated with Cx. pipiens and Cx. restuan s and the additional characterization of the egg raft bacterial communities facilitates comparative analysis of mosquito host tissues, providing a basis for future studies seeking to understand any functional role of the bacterial communities in mosquito biology. 

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5. Stable isotope values of consumers, producers, and organic matter in the Shark River Slough and Taylor Slough, Everglades National Park (FCE LTER), Florida, USA, 2019 – ongoing

   https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/da36c97eccd5461ba32eecce23a53892  

   Rezek, Ryan (January 2024, Environmental Data Initiative)

   {"Abstract":["Wetland food webs have often been characterized as detrital-based ‘brown’ energy pyramids, whereas the relative role of autotrophic (‘green’) vs. microbial (‘brown’) energy sources falls along a continuum set by physical drivers, as well as autochthonous and allochthonous inputs (Moore et al. 2004; Evans-White & Halvorson 2017) that change with ecosystem development (Schmitz et al. 2006). In the Florida Coastal Everglades (FCE), metabolic imbalances, including the collapse of calcareous periphyton mats, begin with a loss of foundation species primary production and legacy organic matter (Gaiser et al. 2006). This process likely enhances heterotrophic microbial productivity (Schulte 2016) and the supply of detrital energy to consumers by changing bioavailable and recalcitrant carbon supplies (Baggett et al. 2013). A shift from complex periphyton communities to transient planktonic communities under elevated P exposure reduces habitat structure and animal refuges but increases ‘green’ energy supplies and edibility (Trexler et al. 2015; Naja et al. 2017). Multiple sites (n=9) within the FCE were selected to document changes in coastal food webs as a result of eutrophication and increasing hydrologic variability. The project began in 2019 and is currently ongoing.\n \n References:\n Baggett, L. P., Heck, K. L., Frankovich, T. A., Armitage, A. R., & Fourqurean, J. W. (2013). Stoichiometry, growth, and fecundity responses to nutrient enrichment by invertebrate grazers in sub-tropical turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum) meadows. Marine biology, 160, 169-180.\n Evans-White, M. A., and H. M. Halvorson. 2017. Comparing the Ecological Stoichiometry in Green and Brown Food Webs – A Review and Meta-analysis of Freshwater Food Webs. Frontiers in Microbiology 8:1184. \n Gaiser, E. E., Childers, D. L., Jones, R. D., Richards, J. H., Scinto, L. J., & Trexler, J. C. (2006). Periphyton responses to eutrophication in the Florida Everglades: cross‐system patterns of structural and compositional change. Limnology and Oceanography, 51(1part2), 617-630.\n Moore, J. C., E. L. Berlow, D. C. Coleman, P. C. Ruiter, Q. Dong, A. Hastings, N. C. Johnson, K. S. McCann, K. Melville, P. J. Morin, K. Nadelhoffer, A. D. Rosemond, D. M. Post, J. L. Sabo, K. M. Scow, M. J. Vanni, and D. H. Wall. 2004. Detritus, trophic dynamics and biodiversity: Detritus, trophic dynamics and biodiversity. Ecology Letters 7:584–600. \n Naja, M., Childers, D. L., & Gaiser, E. E. (2017). Water quality implications of hydrologic restoration alternatives in the Florida Everglades, United States. Restoration Ecology, 25, S48-S58.\n Schmitz, O. J., Kalies, E. L., & Booth, M. G. (2006). Alternative dynamic regimes and trophic control of plant succession. Ecosystems, 9, 659-672.\n Schulte, Nicholas O., "Controls on Benthic Microbial Community Structure and Assembly in a Karstic Coastal Wetland" (2016). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2447. 10.25148/etd.FIDC000233\n Trexler, J. C., Gaiser, E. E., Kominoski, J. S., & Sanchez, J. (2015). The role of periphyton mats in consumer community structure and function in calcareous wetlands: lessons from the Everglades. Microbiology of the everglades ecosystem, 155-179."]} 

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