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Spatial ability is the ability to generate, store, retrieve, and transform visual information to mentally represent a space and make sense of it. This ability is a critical facet of human cognition that affects knowledge acquisition, productivity, and workplace safety. Although having improved spatial ability is essential for safely navigating and perceiving a space on earth, it is more critical in altered environments of other planets and deep space, which may pose extreme and unfamiliar visuospatial conditions. Such conditions may range from microgravity settings with the misalignment of body and visual axes to a lack of landmark objects that offer spatial cues to perceive size, distance, and speed. These altered visuospatial conditions may pose challenges to human spatial cognitive processing, which assists humans in locating objects in space, perceiving them visually, and comprehending spatial relationships between the objects and surroundings. The main goal of this paper is to examine if eye-tracking data of gaze pattern can indicate whether such altered conditions may demand more mental efforts and attention. The key dimensions of spatial ability (i.e., spatial visualization, spatial relations, and spatial orientation) are examined under the three simulated conditions: (1) aligned body and visual axes (control group); (2) statically misaligned body and visual axes (experiment group I); and dynamically misaligned body and visual axes (experiment group II). The three conditions were simulated in Virtual Reality (VR) using Unity 3D game engine. Participants were recruited from Texas A&M University student population who wore HTC VIVE Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) equipped with eye-tracking technology to work on three spatial tests to measure spatial visualization, orientation, and relations. The Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Rotations (PSVT: R), the Mental Cutting Test (MCT), and the Perspective Taking Ability (PTA) test were used to evaluate the spatial visualization, spatial relations, and spatial orientation of 78 participants, respectively. For each test, gaze data was collected through Tobii eye-tracker integrated in the HTC Vive HMDs. Quick eye movements, known as saccades, were identified by analyzing raw eye-tracking data using the rate of change of gaze position over time as a measure of mental effort. The results showed that the mean number of saccades in MCT and PSVT: R tests was statistically larger in experiment group II than in the control group or experiment group I. However, PTA test data did not meet the required assumptions to compare the mean number of saccades in the three groups. The results suggest that spatial relations and visualization may require more mental effort under dynamically misaligned idiotropic and visual axes than aligned or statically misaligned idiotropic and visual axes. However, the data could not reveal whether spatial orientation requires more/less mental effort under aligned, statically misaligned, and dynamically misaligned idiotropic and visual axes. The results of this study are important to understand how altered visuospatial conditions impact spatial cognition and how simulation- or game-based training tools can be developed to train people in adapting to extreme or altered work environments and working more productively and safely.
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Understanding Spatial Abilities and Spatial Strategy under Extreme Visual and Gravitational Environments
The purpose of this study is to understand how spatial ability differs under extreme environments and to provide implications on individually relevant training approaches by using VR technologies. Special jobs under extreme conditions (e.g., astronaut or scuba diver) demand higher spatial ability and effective spatial strategy. This paper examines how the conflicts between visual vertical and the body vertical may affect spatial ability. In addition, the study tested the relationship between an individual’s tendency to adopt a certain spatial strategy (egocentric vs. allocentric) and their use of a particular spatial reference frame (body vs. visual) under the extreme condition.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1928695
- PAR ID:
- 10295648
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- 17th Biennial International Conference on Engineering, Science, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 434 to 445
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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chmorrow, D.D.; Fidopiastis, C.M. (Ed.)This paper presents the results of a study investigating the impact of misaligned idiotropic and visual axes on spatial ability in a simulated microgravity environment in virtual reality. The study involved 99 participants who completed two spatial tests, the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Rotations and the Perspective Taking Ability test, in three different scenarios: control (axes aligned), static misalignment, and dynamic misalignment. The results showed that dynamic misalignment significantly impacted mental rotation and spatial visualization performance, but not spatial orientation ability. Additionally, the gaming experience did not moderate mental rotation outcomes but did enhance spatial orientation ability. These findings provide insight into how altered visuospatial conditions may affect human spatial cognition and can inform the development of simulation-based training tools to help people adapt to such environments more effectively. Furthermore, the study highlights the potential of using games as a learning tool to improve productivity and safety in extreme or altered work environments.more » « less
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Conference Paper:
- https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784483381.040
