Fe(II) coordination complexes with ligands of an intermediate field strength often show witching between the high-spin (HS) and low-spin (LS) electronic configurations, known as spin crossover (SCO). This spin-state conversion is achieved by changes in temperature, pressure, or photoexcitation, which make SCO complexes promising materials for various applications that rely on bistable systems. Multifunctional materials that exhibit both spin-state switching and conductivity can be created by combining Fe(II) SCO complexes with organic TCNQ-type electron acceptors. In such complexes, TCNQ●d– radical anions are typically arranged in layers of one-dimensional stacks that provide conducting pathways (Fig. 1). The stacking distance can be affected by structural changes induced by the alteration in the electronic configuration and, thus, bond lengths at the Fe(II) center, resulting in synergy between SCO and conductivity. The synthesis of such materials can be approached in two ways: (1) by coordinating TCNQ●d– ligands directly to the Fe(II) center, which is partially protected by blocking ligands that limit the growth of extended structures or (2) by co-crystallizing completely blocked Fe(II) centers with free TCNQ●d– radicals. We will discuss several examples of the second approach, in which homoleptic Fe(II) cationic SCO complexes with tridentate 2,6-bispyrazolyl-pyridine (bpp) type ligands have been co-crystallized withmore »
Optimization of crystal packing in semiconducting spin-crossover materials with fractionally charged TCNQ δ− anions (0 < δ < 1)
Co-crystallization of the prominent Fe( ii ) spin-crossover (SCO) cation, [Fe(3-bpp) 2 ] 2+ (3-bpp = 2,6-bis(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine), with a fractionally charged TCNQ δ − radical anion has afforded a hybrid complex [Fe(3-bpp) 2 ](TCNQ) 3 ·5MeCN (1·5MeCN, where δ = −0.67). The partially desolvated material shows semiconducting behavior, with the room temperature conductivity σ RT = 3.1 × 10 −3 S cm −1 , and weak modulation of conducting properties in the region of the spin transition. The complete desolvation, however, results in the loss of hysteretic behavior and a very gradual SCO that spans the temperature range of 200 K. A related complex with integer-charged TCNQ − anions, [Fe(3-bpp) 2 ](TCNQ) 2 ·3MeCN (2·3MeCN), readily loses the interstitial solvent to afford desolvated complex 2 that undergoes an abrupt and hysteretic spin transition centered at 106 K, with an 11 K thermal hysteresis. Complex 2 also exhibits a temperature-induced excited spin-state trapping (TIESST) effect, upon which a metastable high-spin state is trapped by flash-cooling from room temperature to 10 K. Heating above 85 K restores the ground-state low-spin configuration. An approach to improve the structural stability of such complexes is demonstrated by using a related ligand 2,6-bis(benzimidazol-2′-yl)pyridine (bzimpy) to obtain more »
- Publication Date:
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10304012
- Journal Name:
- Chemical Science
- Volume:
- 12
- Issue:
- 32
- ISSN:
- 2041-6520
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Spin crossover (SCO) is a phenomenon observed for certain transition metal complexes with electronic configuration 3d4-3d7. The conversion between the low-spin (LS) and high-spin (HS) states is usually driven by a variety of external perturbations, such as temperature, pressure, or light. The switching between the enthalpically preferred LS state and entropically favorable HS state is accompanied by dramatic changes in the metal-ligand bond lengths, unit cell volume, optical absorption spectrum, and magnetic susceptibility.1 These changes make SCO materials suitable for applications in sensors, memory, and display devices. One of the central challenges in the SCO research is to initiate strongly cooperative interactions known to lead to abrupt spin transitions and thermal hysteresis that can be harvested as a memory effect. One of the strategies to enhance the cooperativity is to design SCO complexes with supramolecular interactions such as π-stacking of aromatic fragments or hydrogen bonding.2 In this work, we report syntheses and characterization of heteroleptic complexes of [Fe(tpma)(L)](ClO4)2 (tpma = tris(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amine) with novel π-extended biimidazole-type ligands (L) bearing 2,3-dimethyl-naphthalene-, 6,7-dimethyl-2,3-diphenyl-quinoxaline, and 2,3-dimethyl-anthracene pendant fragments. Solvent-free naphthalene-functionalized complex [Fe(tpma)(xnap-bim)](ClO4)2 exhibits abrupt spin transition at T1/2 = 127K with a narrow 1 K hysteresis loop. In contrast, polymorph of this complex thatmore »