skip to main content
US FlagAn official website of the United States government
dot gov icon
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
https lock icon
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( lock ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

Explore Research Products in the PAR
It may take a few hours for recently added research products to appear in PAR search results.


  • NSF Public Access
  • Search Results
  • Detection of Low Lithium Concentrations Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) in High-Pressure and High-Flow Conditions
Title: Detection of Low Lithium Concentrations Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) in High-Pressure and High-Flow Conditions
This paper describes the effects of laser pulse rate and solution flow rate on the determination of lithium at high pressure for water and 2.5% sodium chloride solutions using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Preliminary studies were performed with 0–40 mg L −1 Li solutions, at ambient pressure and at 210 bar, and in static and flowing (6 mL · min −1 ) regimes, for a combination of four different measurement conditions. The sensitivity of calibration curves depended on the pressure and the flow rate, as well as the laser pulse rate. The sensitivity of the calibration curve increased about 10% and 18% when the pressure was changed from 1 to 210 bar for static and flowing conditions, respectively. However, an effect of flow rate at high pressure for both 2 and 10 Hz laser pulse rates was observed. At ambient pressure, the effect of flow rate was negligible, as the sensitivity of the calibration curve decreased around 2%, while at high pressure the sensitivity increased around 4% when measurements were performed in a flow regime. Therefore, it seems there is a synergistic effect between pressure and flow rate, as the sensitivity increases significantly when both changes are considered. When the pulse rate is changed from 2 to 10 Hz, the sensitivity increases 26–31%, depending on the pressure and flow conditions. For lithium detection limit studies, performed with a laser pulse energy of 2.5 mJ, repetition rate of 10 Hz, gate delay of 500 ns, gate width of 1000 ns, and 1000 accumulations, a value around 40 µg L −1 was achieved for Li solutions in pure water for all four measurement conditions, while a detection limit of about 92 µg L −1 was determined for Li in 2.5% sodium chloride solutions, when high pressure and flowing conditions were employed. The results obtained in the present work demonstrate that LIBS is a powerful tool for the determination of Li in deep ocean conditions such as those found around hydrothermal vent systems.  more » « less
Award ID(s):
1829327
PAR ID:
10309593
Author(s) / Creator(s):
; ;
Date Published:
Journal Name:
Applied Spectroscopy
Volume:
75
Issue:
11
ISSN:
0003-7028
Format(s):
Medium: X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
More Like this
  1. ; ; (, Optics Express)
    A dual color, frequency and pulse duration agile laser system, capable of delivering laser pulses in arbitrary temporal profiles with ∼1 ns to ∼1 µs pulse duration, chirping rates of ∼27 MHz/ns with an achievable chirping range of several GHz across the pulse duration, and with energies ranging from a few nJ to hundreds of mJ per pulse has been developed. The flexibility and capability of this laser system provide a wide range of laser parameters that can be exploited to optimize operational conditions in various experiments ranging from laser diagnostics to spectroscopy and optical manipulation of matter. The developed system is successfully demonstrated to obtain coherent Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering (CRBS) in both single and dual color configuration, in an effort to expand the non-intrusive accessibility towards lower pressure regime for neutral gas and plasma diagnostics. 
    more » « less
  2. ; ; (, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics)
    Abstract This study delves into the dynamics of cold atmospheric plasma and their interaction within conductive solutions under the unique conditions of nanosecond pulsed discharges (22 kV peak voltage, 10 ns FWHM, 4.5 kV ns−1rate-of-rise). The research focuses on the electrical response, breakdown, and discharge propagation in an argon bubble, submerged in a NaCl solution of varying conductivity. Full or partial discharges were observed at conductivities of 1.5µS cm−1(deionized water) to 1.6 mS cm−1, but no breakdown was observed at 11.0 mS cm−1when reducing the electrode gap. It is demonstrated that at higher conductivity electric breakdown is observed only when the gas bubble comes into direct contact with the electrode and multiple emission nodes were observed at different timescales. These nodes expanded in the central region of the bubble over timescales longer than the initial high-voltage pulse. This work offers a temporal resolution of 2 ns exposure times over the first 30 ns of the initial voltage pulse, and insight into plasma formation over decaying reflected voltage oscillations over 200 ns. 
    more » « less
  3. ; ; ; (, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics)
    null (Ed.)
    Optomechanical accelerometers promise quantum-limited readout, high bandwidth, self-calibration, and radiation-pressure stabilization. We present a simple, scalable platform that enables these benefits with sub-µg sensitivity and 10 kHz bandwidth, based on a pair of vertically integrated SiN membranes. 
    more » « less
  4. ; ; ; ; ; (, Plasma Processes and Polymers)
    Abstract A continuous gas–liquid flowing film reactor with a nanosecond‐pulsed power supply was utilized for the degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as assessed by fluoride (F−) formation. PFOA, 50 mg/L, dissolved in deionized water was supplied at 2 ml/min with an argon carrier gas. The liquid phase was analyzed for F−using ion chromatography. The power supply pulse frequency (f) was varied between 0.25‐ and 10‐kHz using a constant 16‐kV input voltage and 40‐ns pulse width. The highest F−production rate (), 1.57 × 10−8 mol/s, occurred at 5 kHz whereas the highest efficiency of F−production (), 9.12 × 10−9 mol/J, was found at 0.25 kHz. 
    more » « less
  5. ; ; ; (, Advanced Energy Materials)
    Abstract With the rapid growth of the lithium‐ion battery (LIBs) market, recycling and re‐use of end‐of‐life LIBs to reclaim lithium (Li) and transition metal (TM) resources (e.g., Co, Ni), as well as eliminating pollution from disposal of waste batteries, has become an urgent task. Here, for the first time the ambient‐pressure relithiation of degraded LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2(NCM523) cathodes via eutectic Li+molten‐salt solutions is successfully demonstrated. Combining such a low‐temperature relithiation process with a well‐designed thermal annealing step, NCM523 cathode particles with significant Li loss (≈40%) and capacity degradation (≈50%) can be successfully regenerated to achieve their original composition and crystal structures, leading to effective recovery of their capacity, cycling stability, and rate capability to the levels of the pristine materials. Advanced characterization tools including atomic resolution electron microscopy imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy are combined to demonstrate that NCM523's original layered crystal structure is recovered. For the first time, it is shown that layer‐to‐rock salt phase change on the surfaces and subsurfaces of the cathode materials can be reversed if lithium can be incorporated back to the material. The result suggests the great promise of using eutectic Li+molten–salt solutions for ambient‐pressure relithiation to recycle and remanufacture degraded LIB cathode materials. 
    more » « less
  • Citation Formats
  • MLA
  • APA
  • Chicago
  • BibTeX
  • Save / Share this Record
  • Send to Email