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Fear Conditioning by Proxy: Social Transmission of Fear Between Interacting Conspecifics: Fear Conditioning by Proxy
- Award ID(s):
- 1748911
- PAR ID:
- 10312904
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Current Protocols in Neuroscience
- Volume:
- 83
- Issue:
- 1
- ISSN:
- 1934-8584
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Deep learning accomplishes remarkable success through training with massively labeled datasets. However, the high demands on the datasets impede the feasibility of deep learning in edge computing scenarios and suffer the data scarcity issue. Rather than relying on labeled data, animals learn by interacting with their surroundings and memorizing the relationship between concurrent events. This learning paradigm is referred to as associative memory. The successful implementation of associative memory potentially achieves self-learning schemes analogous to animals to resolve the challenges of deep learning. The state-of-the-art implementations of associative memory are limited to small-scale and offline paradigms. Thus, in this work, we implement associative memory learning with an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) and neuromorphic chips (Intel Loihi) for an online learning scenario. Our system reproduces the classic associative memory in rats. In specific, our system successfully reproduces the fear conditioning with no pretraining procedure and labeled datasets. In our experiments, the UGV serves as a substitute for the rats. Our UGV autonomously memorizes the cause-and-effect of the light stimulus and vibration stimulus, then exhibits a movement response. During associative memory learning, the synaptic weights are updated by Hebbian learning. The Intel Loihi chip is integrated with our online learning system for processing visual signals. Its average power usages for computing logic and memory are 30 mW and 29 mW, respectively.more » « less
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Contexts and discrete stimuli often hierarchically influence the association between a stimulus and outcome. This phenomenon, called occasion setting, is central to modulation-based Pavlovian learning. We conducted two experiments with humans in fear and appetitive conditioning paradigms, training stimuli in differential conditioning, feature-positive discriminations, and feature-negative discriminations. We also investigated the effects of trait anxiety and trait depression on these forms of learning. Results from both experiments showed that participants were able to successfully learn which stimuli predicted the electric shock and monetary reward outcomes. Additionally, as hypothesized, the stimuli trained as occasion setters had little-to-no effect on simple reinforced or non-reinforced stimuli, suggesting the former were indeed occasion setters. Lastly, in fear conditioning, trait anxiety was associated with increases in fear of occasion setter/conditional stimulus compounds; in appetitive conditioning, trait depression was associated with lower expectations of monetary reward for the trained negative occasion setting compound and transfer of the negative occasion setter to the simple reinforced stimulus. These results suggest that clinically anxious individuals may have enhanced fear of occasion setting compounds, and clinically depressed individuals may expect less reward with compounds involving the negative occasion setter.more » « less
- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
-
Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1002/cpns.43
