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Palladium-catalyzed fluoroalkylations of aryl halides are valuable reactions for the synthesis of fluorinated, biologically active molecules. Reductive elimination from an intermediate Pd(aryl)(fluoroalkyl) complex is the step that forms the C(aryl)–C(fluoroalkyl) bond, and this step typically requires higher temperatures and proceeds with slower rates than the reductive elimination of nonfluorinated alkylarenes from the analogous Pd(aryl)(alkyl) complexes. The experimental rates of this step correlate poorly with common parameters, such as the steric property or the electron-withdrawing ability of the fluoroalkyl ligand, making the prediction of rates and the rational design of Pd-catalyzed fluoroalkylations difficult. Therefore, a systematic study of the features of fluoroalkyl ligands that affect the barrier to this key step, including steric properties, electron-withdrawing properties, and secondary interactions, is necessary for the future development of fluoroalkylation reactions that occur under milder conditions and that tolerate additional types of fluoroalkyl reagents. We report computational studies of the effect of the fluoroalkyl (RF) ligand on the barriers to reductive elimination from Pd(aryl)(RF) complexes (RF = CF2CN, CF2C(O)Me, etc.) containing the bidentate ligand di-tert-butyl(2-methoxyphenyl)phosphine (L). The computed Gibbs free-energy barriers to reductive elimination from these complexes suggest that fluoroalkylarenes should form quickly at room temperature for the fluoroalkyl ligands we studied, excluding RF = CF3, CF2Me, C2F5, CF2CFMe2, CF2Et, CF2iPr, or CF2tBu. Analyses of the transition-state structures by natural bond orbital (NBO) and independent gradient model (IGMH) approaches reveal that orbital interactions between the Pd center and a hydrogen atom or π-acid bonded to the α-carbon atom of the RF ligand stabilize the lowest-energy transition states of Pd(aryl)(RF) complexes. Comparisons between conformers of transition-state structures suggest that the magnitude of such stabilizations is 4.7–9.9 kcal/mol. In the absence of these secondary orbital interactions, a more electron-withdrawing fluoroalkyl ligand leads to a higher barrier to reductive elimination than a less electron-withdrawing fluoroalkyl ligand. Computations on the reductive elimination from complexes containing para-substituted aryl groups on palladium reveal that the barriers to reductive elimination from complexes containing more electron-rich aryl ligands tend to be lower than those to reductive elimination from complexes containing less electron-rich aryl ligands when the fluoroalkyl ligands of these complexes can engage in secondary orbital interactions with the metal center. However, the computed barriers to reductive elimination do not depend on the electronic properties of the aryl ligand when the fluoroalkyl ligands do not engage in secondary orbital interactions with the metal center.
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Direct Observation of Diastereomeric α-C-Bound Enolates during Enantioselective α-Arylations: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of Arylpalladium Fluorooxindole Complexes
The Pd-catalyzed asymmetric α-arylation of carbonyl compounds is a valuable strategy to form benzylic stereocenters. However, the origin of the stereoselectivity of these reactions is poorly understood, and little is known about the reactivity of the putative diastereomeric arylpalladium enolate intermediates. To this end, we report the synthesis and characterization of a series of diphosphine-ligated arylpalladium fluoroenolate complexes, including complexes bearing a metal-bound, stereogenic carbon and an enantioenriched chiral diphosphine ligand. These complexes reductively eliminate to form chiral α-aryl-α-fluorooxindoles with enantioselectivities and rates that are relevant to those of the catalytic process with SEGPHOS as the ancillary ligand. Kinetic studies showed that the rate of reductive elimination is slightly slower than the rate of epimerization of the intermediate, causing the reductive elimination step to impart the greatest influence on the enantioselectivity. DFT calculations of these processes are consistent with these experimental rates and suggest that the minor diastereomer forms the major enantiomer of the product. The rates of reductive elimination from complexes containing a variety of electronically varied aryl ligands revealed the unusual trend that complexes bearing more electron-rich aryl ligands react faster than those bearing more electron-poor aryl ligands. Noncovalent Interaction (NCI) and Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analyses of the transition-state structures for reductive elimination from the SEGPHOS-ligated complexes revealed key donor-acceptor interactions between the Pd center and the fluoroenolate fragment. These interactions stabilize the pathway to the major product enantiomer more strongly than they stabilize that to the minor enantiomer.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1955635
- PAR ID:
- 10317424
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of the American Chemical Society
- Volume:
- 143
- ISSN:
- 1943-2984
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c05346
