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   https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ay00948h  

   Javanshad, R.; Venter, A. R. (January 2017, Analytical Methods)

   The definition of ambient ionization is updated from “no sample preparation” to sample preparation proximal and in real time with the ionization and analysis step. We differentiate between ambient ionization methods and the direct and hyphenated techniques. Ambient ionization has been reviewed many times and we summarise some of the approaches that reviews have taken to categorize the many ambient ionization methods. Due to the large number of permutations, frequent redundancy and complexity of the 80+ techniques developed so far, none of the review classifications is successful in classifying all the ambient ionization methods based on the chosen scheme. Likewise our classification based on major sample preparation method also fails at finding a good category for every method, but it does highlight the central role that real-time, proximal sample preparation plays in ambient analysis. 

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5. Fast methods for tracking grain coagulation and ionization: II. Extension to thermal ionization

   https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202142551  

   Marchand, P.; Guillet, V.; Lebreuilly, U.; Mac Low, M.-M. (October 2022, Astronomy & Astrophysics)

   Thermal ionization is a critical process at temperatures T  > 10 3 K, particularly during star formation. An increase in ionization leads to a decrease in nonideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) resistivities, which has a significant impact on protoplanetary disks and protostar formation. We developed an extension of the fast computational ionization method presented in our recent paper to include thermal ionization. The model can be used to inexpensively calculate the density of ions and electrons and the electric charge of each size of grains for an arbitrary size distribution. This tool should be particularly useful for the self-consistent calculation of nonideal MHD resistivities in multidimensional simulations, especially of protostellar collapse and protoplanetary disks. 

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