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Frontier forests in the Brazilian Amazon have been heavily altered by nearly a half-century of deforestation for agriculture and degradation from fire and logging. The long-term effects of forest degradation on habitat structure and habitat use remain poorly understood, largely due to the limitations of traditional field methods for characterizing heterogeneity at relevant spatial and temporal scales. This work demonstrates the opportunity to assess degradation impacts on ecosystem structure and biodiversity at landscape scales (200 km2) by combining airborne lidar and acoustic remote sensing across two municipalities in Mato Grosso, Feliz Natal and Nova Ubiratã. Among degradation classes, our results indicate that repeated fire events have the most destructive legacy for both habitat structure and habitat use. Lidar analyses reveal that repeated fire events can result in a total loss of original canopy trees. Similarly, our acoustic analyses suggest that repeated fires may fundamentally transform animal community composition. The combination of remote sensing approaches bridges the scale gap between ground-based and satellite observations to support a regional-scale investigation into the complex consequences of Amazon forest degradation.
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Animal soundscapes reveal key markers of Amazon forest degradation from fire and logging
Safeguarding tropical forest biodiversity requires solutions for monitoring ecosystem structure over time. In the Amazon, logging and fire reduce forest carbon stocks and alter habitat, but the long-term consequences for wildlife remain unclear, especially for lesser-known taxa. Here, we combined multiday acoustic surveys, airborne lidar, and satellite time series covering logged and burned forests ( n = 39) in the southern Brazilian Amazon to identify acoustic markers of forest degradation. Our findings contradict expectations from the Acoustic Niche Hypothesis that animal communities in more degraded habitats occupy fewer “acoustic niches” defined by time and frequency. Instead, we found that aboveground biomass was not a consistent proxy for acoustic biodiversity due to the divergent patterns of “acoustic space occupancy” between logged and burned forests. Ecosystem soundscapes highlighted a stark, and sustained reorganization in acoustic community assembly after multiple fires; animal communication networks were quieter, more homogenous, and less acoustically integrated in forests burned multiple times than in logged or once-burned forests. These findings demonstrate strong biodiversity cobenefits from protecting burned Amazon forests from recurrent fire. By contrast, soundscape changes after logging were subtle and more consistent with acoustic community recovery than reassembly. In both logged and burned forests, insects were the dominant acoustic markers of degradation, particularly during midday and nighttime hours, which are not typically sampled by traditional biodiversity field surveys. The acoustic fingerprints of degradation history were conserved across replicate recording locations, indicating that soundscapes may offer a robust, taxonomically inclusive solution for digitally tracking changes in acoustic community composition over time.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1632976
- PAR ID:
- 10322873
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Volume:
- 119
- Issue:
- 18
- ISSN:
- 0027-8424
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2102878119
