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1. Crosstalk in polymer microelectrode arrays

   https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-3442-8  

   Qiang, Yi; Gu, Wen; Liu, Zehua; Liang, Shanchuan; Ryu, Jae Hyeon; Seo, Kyung Jin; Liu, Wentai; Fang, Hui (September 2021, Nano Research)
2. Transparent and Stretchable Au–Ag Nanowire Recording Microelectrode Arrays

   https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202201716  

   Chen, Zhiyuan; Nguyen, Khanh; Kowalik, Grant; Shi, Xinyu; Tian, Jinbi; Doshi, Mitansh; Alber, Bridget_R; Guan, Xun; Liu, Xitong; Ning, Xin; et al (April 2023, Advanced Materials Technologies)

   Abstract Transparent microelectrodes have received much attention from the biomedical community due to their unique advantages in concurrent crosstalk‐free electrical and optical interrogation of cell/tissue activity. Despite recent progress in constructing transparent microelectrodes, a major challenge is to simultaneously achieve desirable mechanical stretchability, optical transparency, electrochemical performance, and chemical stability for high‐fidelity, conformal, and stable interfacing with soft tissue/organ systems. To address this challenge, we have designed microelectrode arrays (MEAs) with gold‐coated silver nanowires (Au–Ag NWs) by combining technical advances in materials, fabrication, and mechanics. The Au coating improves both the chemical stability and electrochemical impedance of the Au–Ag NW microelectrodes with only slight changes in optical properties. The MEAs exhibit a high optical transparency >80% at 550 nm, a low normalized 1 kHz electrochemical impedance of 1.2–7.5 Ω cm², stable chemical and electromechanical performance after exposure to oxygen plasma for 5 min, and cyclic stretching for 600 cycles at 20% strain, superior to other transparent microelectrode alternatives. The MEAs easily conform to curvilinear heart surfaces for colocalized electrophysiological and optical mapping of cardiac function. This work demonstrates that stretchable transparent metal nanowire MEAs are promising candidates for diverse biomedical science and engineering applications, particularly under mechanically dynamic conditions. 

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3. Topological Modeling and Parallelization of Multidimensional Data on Microelectrode Arrays

   https://doi.org/10.1109/IPDPS53621.2022.00082  

   Tawose, Olamide Timothy; Li, Bin; Yang, Lei; Yan, Feng; Zhao, Dongfang (May 2022, 2022 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS))
4. Graphene-based microfluidic perforated microelectrode arrays for retinal electrophysiological studies

   https://doi.org/10.1039/d3lc00064h  

   Esteban-Linares, Alberto; Zhang, Xiaosi; Lee, Hannah H.; Risner, Michael L.; Weiss, Sharon M.; Xu, Ya-Qiong; Levine, Edward; Li, Deyu (May 2023, Lab on a Chip)

   Perforated microelectrode arrays (pMEAs) have become essential tools for ex vivo retinal electrophysiological studies. pMEAs increase the nutrient supply to the explant and alleviate the accentuated curvature of the retina, allowing for long-term culture and intimate contacts between the retina and electrodes for electrophysiological measurements. However, commercial pMEAs are not compatible with in situ high-resolution optical imaging and lack the capability of controlling the local microenvironment, which are highly desirable features for relating function to anatomy and probing physiological and pathological mechanisms in retina. Here we report on microfluidic pMEAs (μpMEAs) that combine transparent graphene electrodes and the capability of locally delivering chemical stimulation. We demonstrate the potential of μpMEAs by measuring the electrical response of ganglion cells to locally delivered high K + stimulation under controlled microenvironments. Importantly, the capability for high-resolution confocal imaging of the retina tissue on top of the graphene electrodes allows for further analyses of the electrical signal source. The new capabilities provided by μpMEAs could allow for retinal electrophysiology assays to address key questions in retinal circuitry studies. 

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5. In-Line Microelectrode Arrays for Impedance Mapping of Microphysiological Systems

   https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278636  

   Young, Ashlyn T.; Pozdin, Vladimir A.; Daniele, Michael (October 2020, 2020 IEEE SENSORS)

   null (Ed.)

   Herein, a 60-electrode array is fabricated down the length of a microchamber for analysis of a microphysiological system. The electrode array is fabricated by standard photolithographic, metallization, and etching techniques. Permutations of 2-wire impedance measurements (10 Hz to 1 MHz) are made along the length of the microchannel using a multiplexer, Gamry potentiostat, and custom Labview code. An impedance "heat map" is created via custom algorithms. Spatial resolution and mapping capabilities are exhibited using conductive NaCl solutions and 2D cell culture. 

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