Hussain, Mir Zaman, Hamilton, Stephen, Robertson, G. Philip, and Basso, Bruno. Phosphorus availability and leaching losses in annual and perennial cropping systems in an upper US Midwest landscape. Web. doi:10.5061/dryad.8sf7m0cpx.

Hussain, Mir Zaman, Hamilton, Stephen, Robertson, G. Philip, & Basso, Bruno. Phosphorus availability and leaching losses in annual and perennial cropping systems in an upper US Midwest landscape. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8sf7m0cpx

Hussain, Mir Zaman, Hamilton, Stephen, Robertson, G. Philip, and Basso, Bruno. "Phosphorus availability and leaching losses in annual and perennial cropping systems in an upper US Midwest landscape". Country unknown/Code not available: Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8sf7m0cpx. https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10331584.

@article{osti_10331584,
place = {Country unknown/Code not available}, title = {Phosphorus availability and leaching losses in annual and perennial cropping systems in an upper US Midwest landscape}, url = {https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10331584}, DOI = {10.5061/dryad.8sf7m0cpx}, abstractNote = {{"Abstract":["Excessive phosphorus (P) applications to croplands can contribute to\n eutrophication of surface waters through surface runoff and subsurface\n (leaching) losses. We analyzed leaching losses of total dissolved P (TDP)\n from no-till corn, hybrid poplar (Populus nigra X P. maximowiczii),\n switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), miscanthus (Miscanthus giganteus), native\n grasses, and restored prairie, all planted in 2008 on former cropland in\n Michigan, USA. All crops except corn (13 kg P ha−1 year−1) were grown\n without P fertilization. Biomass was harvested at the end of each growing\n season except for poplar. Soil water at 1.2 m depth was sampled weekly to\n biweekly for TDP determination during March\u2013November 2009\u20132016 using\n tension lysimeters. Soil test P (0\u201325 cm depth) was measured every autumn.\n Soil water TDP concentrations were usually below levels where\n eutrophication of surface waters is frequently observed\n (>\u20090.02 mg L−1) but often higher than in deep groundwater or nearby\n streams and lakes. Rates of P leaching, estimated from measured\n concentrations and modeled drainage, did not differ statistically among\n cropping systems across years; 7-year cropping system means ranged from\n 0.035 to 0.072 kg P ha−1 year−1 with large interannual variation. Leached\n P was positively related to STP, which decreased over the 7 years in all\n systems. These results indicate that both P-fertilized and unfertilized\n cropping systems may leach legacy P from past cropland management."],"Methods":["Experimental details The Biofuel Cropping System Experiment (BCSE) is\n located at the W.K. Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) (42.3956° N, 85.3749°\n W; elevation 288 m asl) in southwestern Michigan, USA. This site is a part\n of the Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (www.glbrc.org) and is a\n Long-term Ecological Research site (www.lter.kbs.msu.edu). Soils are mesic\n Typic Hapludalfs developed on glacial outwash54 with high sand content\n (76% in the upper 150 cm) intermixed with silt-rich loess in the upper\n 50 cm55. The water table lies approximately 12\u201314 m below the surface. The\n climate is humid temperate with a mean annual air temperature of 9.1 °C\n and annual precipitation of 1005 mm, 511 mm of which falls between May and\n September (1981\u20132010)56,57. The BCSE was established as a randomized\n complete block design in 2008 on preexisting farmland. Prior to BCSE\n establishment, the field was used for grain crop and alfalfa (Medicago\n sativa L.) production for several decades. Between 2003 and 2007, the\n field received a total of\u2009~\u2009300 kg P ha−1 as manure, and the southern\n half, which contains one of four replicate plots, received an additional\n 206 kg P ha−1 as inorganic fertilizer. The experimental design consists of\n five randomized blocks each containing one replicate plot (28 by 40 m) of\n 10 cropping systems (treatments) (Supplementary Fig. S1; also see Sanford\n et al.58). Block 5 is not included in the present study. Details on\n experimental design and site history are provided in Robertson and\n Hamilton57 and Gelfand et al.59. Leaching of P is analyzed in six of the\n cropping systems: (i) continuous no-till corn, (ii) switchgrass, (iii)\n miscanthus, (iv) a mixture of five species of native grasses, (v) a\n restored native prairie containing 18 plant species (Supplementary Table\n S1), and (vi) hybrid poplar. Agronomic management Phenological cameras and\n field observations indicated that the perennial herbaceous crops emerged\n each year between mid-April and mid-May. Corn was planted each year in\n early May. Herbaceous crops were harvested at the end of each growing\n season with the timing depending on weather: between October and November\n for corn and between November and December for herbaceous perennial crops.\n Corn stover was harvested shortly after corn grain, leaving approximately\n 10 cm height of stubble above the ground. The poplar was harvested only\n once, as the culmination of a 6-year rotation, in the winter of 2013\u20132014.\n Leaf emergence and senescence based on daily phenological images indicated\n the beginning and end of the poplar growing season, respectively, in each\n year. Application of inorganic fertilizers to the different crops followed\n a management approach typical for the region (Table 1). Corn was\n fertilized with 13 kg P ha−1 year−1 as starter fertilizer (N-P-K of\n 19-17-0) at the time of planting and an additional 33 kg P ha−1 year−1 was\n added as superphosphate in spring 2015. Corn also received N fertilizer\n around the time of planting and in mid-June at typical rates for the\n region (Table 1). No P fertilizer was applied to the perennial grassland\n or poplar systems (Table 1). All perennial grasses (except restored\n prairie) were provided 56 kg N ha−1 year−1 of N fertilizer in early summer\n between 2010 and 2016; an additional 77 kg N ha−1 was applied to\n miscanthus in 2009. Poplar was fertilized once with 157 kg N ha−1 in 2010\n after the canopy had closed. Sampling of subsurface soil water and soil\n for P determination Subsurface soil water samples were collected beneath\n the root zone (1.2 m depth) using samplers installed at approximately\n 20 cm into the unconsolidated sand of 2Bt2 and 2E/Bt horizons (soils at\n the site are described in Crum and Collins54). Soil water was collected\n from two kinds of samplers: Prenart samplers constructed of Teflon and\n silica (http://www.prenart.dk/soil-water-samplers/) in replicate blocks 1\n and 2 and Eijkelkamp ceramic samplers (http://www.eijkelkamp.com) in\n blocks 3 and 4 (Supplementary Fig. S1). The samplers were installed in\n 2008 at an angle using a hydraulic corer, with the sampling tubes buried\n underground within the plots and the sampler located about 9 m from the\n plot edge. There were no consistent differences in TDP concentrations\n between the two sampler types. Beginning in the 2009 growing season,\n subsurface soil water was sampled at weekly to biweekly intervals during\n non-frozen periods (April\u2013November) by applying 50 kPa of vacuum to each\n sampler for 24 h, during which the extracted water was collected in glass\n bottles. Samples were filtered using different filter types (all 0.45 µm\n pore size) depending on the volume of leachate collected: 33-mm dia.\n cellulose acetate membrane filters when volumes were less than 50 mL; and\n 47-mm dia. Supor 450 polyethersulfone membrane filters for larger volumes.\n Total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) in water samples was analyzed by\n persulfate digestion of filtered samples to convert all phosphorus forms\n to soluble reactive phosphorus, followed by colorimetric analysis by\n long-pathlength spectrophotometry (UV-1800 Shimadzu, Japan) using the\n molybdate blue method60, for which the method detection limit\n was\u2009~\u20090.005 mg P L−1. Between 2009 and 2016, soil samples (0\u201325 cm depth)\n were collected each autumn from all plots for determination of soil test P\n (STP) by the Bray-1 method61, using as an extractant a dilute hydrochloric\n acid and ammonium fluoride solution, as is recommended for neutral to\n slightly acidic soils. The measured STP concentration in mg P kg−1 was\n converted to kg P ha−1 based on soil sampling depth and soil bulk density\n (mean, 1.5 g cm−3). Sampling of water samples from lakes, streams and\n wells for P determination In addition to chemistry of soil and subsurface\n soil water in the BCSE, waters from lakes, streams, and residential water\n supply wells were also sampled during 2009\u20132016 for TDP analysis using\n Supor 450 membrane filters and the same analytical method as for soil\n water. These water bodies are within 15 km of the study site, within a\n landscape mosaic of row crops, grasslands, deciduous forest, and wetlands,\n with some residential development (Supplementary Fig. S2, Supplementary\n Table S2). Details of land use and cover change in the vicinity of KBS are\n given in Hamilton et al.48, and patterns in nutrient concentrations in\n local surface waters are further discussed in Hamilton62. Leaching\n estimates, modeled drainage, and data analysis Leaching was estimated at\n daily time steps and summarized as total leaching on a crop-year basis,\n defined from the date of planting or leaf emergence in a given year to the\n day prior to planting or emergence in the following year. TDP\n concentrations (mg L−1) of subsurface soil water were linearly\n interpolated between sampling dates during non-freezing periods\n (April\u2013November) and over non-sampling periods (December\u2013March) based on\n the preceding November and subsequent April samples. Daily rates of TDP\n leaching (kg ha−1) were calculated by multiplying concentration (mg L−1)\n by drainage rates (m3 ha−1 day−1) modeled by the Systems Approach for Land\n Use Sustainability (SALUS) model, a crop growth model that is well\n calibrated for KBS soil and environmental conditions. SALUS simulates\n yield and environmental outcomes in response to weather, soil, management\n (planting dates, plant population, irrigation, N fertilizer application,\n and tillage), and genetics63. The SALUS water balance sub-model simulates\n surface runoff, saturated and unsaturated water flow, drainage, root water\n uptake, and evapotranspiration during growing and non-growing seasons63.\n The SALUS model has been used in studies of evapotranspiration48,51,64 and\n nutrient leaching20,65,66,67 from KBS soils, and its predictions of\n growing-season evapotranspiration are consistent with independent\n measurements based on growing-season soil water drawdown53 and\n evapotranspiration measured by eddy covariance68. Phosphorus leaching was\n assumed insignificant on days when SALUS predicted no drainage.\n Volume-weighted mean TDP concentrations in leachate for each crop-year and\n for the entire 7-year study period were calculated as the total dissolved\n P leaching flux (kg ha−1) divided by the total drainage (m3 ha−1). One-way\n ANOVA with time (crop-year) as the fixed factor was conducted to compare\n total annual drainage rates, P leaching rates, volume-weighted mean TDP\n concentrations, and maximum aboveground biomass among the cropping systems\n over all seven crop-years as well as with TDP concentrations from local\n lakes, streams, and groundwater wells. When a significant (α\u2009=\u20090.05)\n difference was detected among the groups, we used the Tukey honest\n significant difference (HSD) post-hoc test to make pairwise comparisons\n among the groups. In the case of maximum aboveground biomass, we used the\n Tukey\u2013Kramer method to make pairwise comparisons among the groups because\n the absence of poplar data after the 2013 harvest resulted in unequal\n sample sizes. We also used the Tukey\u2013Kramer method to compare the\n frequency distributions of TDP concentrations in all of the soil leachate\n samples with concentrations in lakes, streams, and groundwater wells,\n since each sample category had very different numbers of measurements."],"Other":["Individual spreadsheets in \u201cdata table_leaching_dissolved organic carbon\n and nitrogen.xls\u201d 1.    annual precip_drainage 2.    biomass_corn,\n perennial grasses 3.    biomass_poplar 4.    annual N leaching _vol-wtd\n conc 5.    Summary_N leached 6.    annual DOC leachin_vol-wtd conc 7.  \n  growing season length 8.    correlation_nh4 VS no3 9.    correlations_don\n VS no3_doc VS don Each spreadsheet is described below along with an\n explanation of variates. Note that \u2018nan\u2019 indicate data are missing or not\n available. First row indicates header; second row indicates units 1.\n Spreadsheet: annual precip_drainage Description: Precipitation measured\n from nearby Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) Long Term Ecological Research\n (LTER) Weather station, over 2009-2016 study period. Data shown in Figure\n 1; original data source for precipitation\n (https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/7). Drainage estimated from SALUS\n crop model. Note that drainage is percolation out of the root zone (0-125\n cm). Annual precipitation and drainage values shown here are calculated\n for growing and non-growing crop periods. Variate    Description year  \n  year of the observation crop    \u201ccorn\u201d \u201cswitchgrass\u201d \u201cmiscanthus\u201d\n \u201cnativegrass\u201d \u201crestored prairie\u201d \u201cpoplar\u201d precip_G    precipitation during\n growing period (milliMeter) precip_NG    precipitation during non-growing\n period (milliMeter) drainage_G    drainage during growing period\n (milliMeter) drainage_NG    drainage during non-growing period\n (milliMeter)      2. Spreadsheet: biomass_corn, perennial grasses\n Description: Maximum aboveground biomass measurements from corn,\n switchgrass, miscanthus, native grass and restored prairie plots in Great\n Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC) Biomass Cropping System Experiment\n (BCSE) during 2009-2015. Data shown in Figure 2.   Variate    Description\n year    year of the observation date    day of the observation\n (mm/dd/yyyy) crop    \u201ccorn\u201d \u201cswitchgrass\u201d \u201cmiscanthus\u201d \u201cnativegrass\u201d\n \u201crestored prairie\u201d \u201cpoplar\u201d replicate    each crop has four replicated\n plots, R1, R2, R3 and R4 station    stations (S1, S2 and S3) of samplings\n within the plot. For more details, refer to link\n (https://data.sustainability.glbrc.org/protocols/156) species    plant\n species that are rooted within the quadrat during the time of maximum\n biomass harvest. See protocol for more information, refer to link\n (http://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/36) For maize biomass, grain and whole\n biomass reported in the paper (weed biomass or surface litter are\n excluded). Surface litter biomass not included in any crops; weed biomass\n not included in switchgrass and miscanthus, but included in grass mixture\n and prairie. fraction    Fraction of biomass biomass_plot    biomass per\n plot on dry-weight basis (Grams_Per_SquareMeter) biomass_ha    biomass\n (megaGrams_Per_Hectare) by multiplying column biomass per plot with 0.01\n 3. Spreadsheet: biomass_poplar Description: Maximum aboveground biomass\n measurements from poplar plots in Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center\n (GLBRC) Biomass Cropping System Experiment (BCSE) during 2009-2015. Data\n shown in Figure 2. Note that poplar biomass was estimated from crop growth\n curves until the poplar was harvested in the winter of 2013-14. Variate  \n  Description year    year of the observation method    methods of poplar\n biomass sampling date    day of the observation (mm/dd/yyyy) replicate  \n  each crop has four replicated plots, R1, R2, R3 and R4\n diameter_at_ground    poplar diameter (milliMeter) at the ground\n diameter_at_15cm    poplar diameter (milliMeter) at 15 cm height\n biomass_tree    biomass per plot (Grams_Per_Tree) biomass_ha    biomass\n (megaGrams_Per_Hectare) by multiplying biomass per tree with 0.01 4.\n Spreadsheet: annual N leaching_vol-wtd conc Description: Annual leaching\n rate (kiloGrams_N_Per_Hectare) and volume-weighted mean N concentrations\n (milliGrams_N_Per_Liter) of nitrate (no3) and dissolved organic nitrogen\n (don) in the leachate samples collected from corn, switchgrass,\n miscanthus, native grass, restored prairie and poplar plots in Great Lakes\n Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC) Biomass Cropping System Experiment\n (BCSE) during 2009-2016. Data for nitrogen leached and volume-wtd mean N\n concentration shown in Figure 3a and Figure 3b, respectively. Note that\n ammonium (nh4) concentration were much lower and often undetectable\n (<0.07 milliGrams_N_Per_Liter). Also note that in 2009 and 2010\n crop-years, data from some replicates are missing.    Variate  \n  Description crop    \u201ccorn\u201d \u201cswitchgrass\u201d \u201cmiscanthus\u201d \u201cnativegrass\u201d\n \u201crestored prairie\u201d \u201cpoplar\u201d crop-year    year of the observation\n replicate    each crop has four replicated plots, R1, R2, R3 and R4 no3\n leached    annual leaching rates of nitrate (kiloGrams_N_Per_Hectare) don\n leached    annual leaching rates of don (kiloGrams_N_Per_Hectare) vol-wtd\n no3 conc.    Volume-weighted mean no3 concentration\n (milliGrams_N_Per_Liter) vol-wtd don conc.    Volume-weighted mean don\n concentration (milliGrams_N_Per_Liter) 5. Spreadsheet: summary_N leached\n Description: Summary of total amount and forms of N leached\n (kiloGrams_N_Per_Hectare) and the percent of applied N lost to leaching\n over the seven years for corn, switchgrass, miscanthus, native grass,\n restored prairie and poplar plots in Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center\n (GLBRC) Biomass Cropping System Experiment (BCSE) during 2009-2016. Data\n for nitrogen amount leached shown in Figure 4a and percent of applied N\n lost shown in Figure 4b. Note the fraction of unleached N includes in\n harvest, accumulation in root biomass, soil organic matter or gaseous N\n emissions were not measured in the study. Variate    Description crop  \n  \u201ccorn\u201d \u201cswitchgrass\u201d \u201cmiscanthus\u201d \u201cnativegrass\u201d \u201crestored prairie\u201d\n \u201cpoplar\u201d no3 leached    annual leaching rates of nitrate\n (kiloGrams_N_Per_Hectare) don leached    annual leaching rates of don\n (kiloGrams_N_Per_Hectare) N unleached    N unleached\n (kiloGrams_N_Per_Hectare) in other sources are not studied % of N applied\n N lost to leaching    % of N applied N lost to leaching 6. Spreadsheet:\n annual DOC leachin_vol-wtd conc Description: Annual leaching rate\n (kiloGrams_Per_Hectare) and volume-weighted mean N concentrations\n (milliGrams_Per_Liter) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the leachate\n samples collected from corn, switchgrass, miscanthus, native grass,\n restored prairie and poplar plots in Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center\n (GLBRC) Biomass Cropping System Experiment (BCSE) during 2009-2016. Data\n for DOC leached and volume-wtd mean DOC concentration shown in Figure 5a\n and Figure 5b, respectively. Note that in 2009 and 2010 crop-years, water\n samples were not available for DOC measurements.     Variate  \n  Description crop    \u201ccorn\u201d \u201cswitchgrass\u201d \u201cmiscanthus\u201d \u201cnativegrass\u201d\n \u201crestored prairie\u201d \u201cpoplar\u201d crop-year    year of the observation\n replicate    each crop has four replicated plots, R1, R2, R3 and R4 doc\n leached    annual leaching rates of nitrate (kiloGrams_Per_Hectare)\n vol-wtd doc conc.    volume-weighted mean doc concentration\n (milliGrams_Per_Liter) 7. Spreadsheet: growing season length Description:\n Growing season length (days) of corn, switchgrass, miscanthus, native\n grass, restored prairie and poplar plots in the Great Lakes Bioenergy\n Research Center (GLBRC) Biomass Cropping System Experiment (BCSE) during\n 2009-2015. Date shown in Figure S2. Note that growing season is from the\n date of planting or emergence to the date of harvest (or leaf senescence\n in case of poplar).   Variate    Description crop    \u201ccorn\u201d \u201cswitchgrass\u201d\n \u201cmiscanthus\u201d \u201cnativegrass\u201d \u201crestored prairie\u201d \u201cpoplar\u201d year    year of the\n observation growing season length    growing season length (days) 8.\n Spreadsheet: correlation_nh4 VS no3 Description: Correlation of ammonium\n (nh4+) and nitrate (no3-) concentrations (milliGrams_N_Per_Liter) in the\n leachate samples from corn, switchgrass, miscanthus, native grass,\n restored prairie and poplar plots in Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center\n (GLBRC) Biomass Cropping System Experiment (BCSE) during 2013-2015. Data\n shown in Figure S3. Note that nh4+ concentration in the leachates was very\n low compared to no3- and don concentration and often undetectable in three\n crop-years (2013-2015) when measurements are available. Variate  \n  Description crop    \u201ccorn\u201d \u201cswitchgrass\u201d \u201cmiscanthus\u201d \u201cnativegrass\u201d\n \u201crestored prairie\u201d \u201cpoplar\u201d date    date of the observation (mm/dd/yyyy)\n replicate    each crop has four replicated plots, R1, R2, R3 and R4 nh4\n conc    nh4 concentration (milliGrams_N_Per_Liter) no3 conc    no3\n concentration (milliGrams_N_Per_Liter)   9. Spreadsheet: correlations_don\n VS no3_doc VS don Description: Correlations of don and nitrate\n concentrations (milliGrams_N_Per_Liter); and doc (milliGrams_Per_Liter)\n and don concentrations (milliGrams_N_Per_Liter) in the leachate samples of\n corn, switchgrass, miscanthus, native grass, restored prairie and poplar\n plots in Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC) Biomass Cropping\n System Experiment (BCSE) during 2013-2015. Data of correlation of don and\n nitrate concentrations shown in Figure S4 a and doc and don concentrations\n shown in Figure S4 b. Variate    Description crop    \u201ccorn\u201d \u201cswitchgrass\u201d\n \u201cmiscanthus\u201d \u201cnativegrass\u201d \u201crestored prairie\u201d \u201cpoplar\u201d year    year of the\n observation don    don concentration (milliGrams_N_Per_Liter) no3     no3\n concentration (milliGrams_N_Per_Liter) doc    doc concentration\n (milliGrams_Per_Liter)"]}}, journal = {}, publisher = {Dryad}, author = {Hussain, Mir Zaman and Hamilton, Stephen and Robertson, G. Philip and Basso, Bruno}, }