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Orbital-free density functional theory constitutes a computationally highly effective tool for modeling electronic structures of systems ranging from room-temperature materials to warm dense matter. Its accuracy critically depends on the employed kinetic energy (KE) density functional, which has to be supplied as an external input. In this work we consider several nonlocal and Laplacian-level KE functionals and use an external harmonic perturbation to compute the static density response at T=0 K in the linear and beyond-linear response regimes. We test for the satisfaction of exact conditions in the limit of uniform densities and for how approximate KE functionals reproduce the density response of realistic materials (e.g., Al and Si) against the Kohn-Sham DFT reference, which employs the exact KE. The results illustrate that several functionals violate exact conditions in the uniform electron gas (UEG) limit. We find a strong correlation between the accuracy of the KE functionals in the UEG limit and in the strongly inhomogeneous case. This empirically demonstrates the importance of imposing the limit of UEG response for uniform densities and validates the use of the Lindhard function in the formulation of kernels for nonlocal functionals. This conclusion is substantiated by additional calculations for bulk aluminum (Al) with a face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice and silicon (Si) with an fcc lattice, body-centered cubic (bcc) lattice, and semiconducting crystal diamond state. The analysis of fcc Al, and fcc as well as bcc Si data follows closely the conclusions drawn for the UEG, allowing us to extend our conclusions to realistic systems that are subject to density inhomogeneities induced by ions.
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Semiclassics: The hidden theory behind the success of DFT
We argue that the success of DFT can be understood in terms of a semiclassical expansion around a very specific limit. This limit was identified long ago by Lieb and Simon for the total electronic energy of a system. This is a universal limit of all electronic structure: atoms, molecules, and solids. For the total energy, Thomas-Fermi theory becomes relatively exact in the limit. The limit can also be studied for much simpler model systems, including non-interacting fermions in a one-dimensional well, where the WKB approximation applies for individual eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. Summation techniques lead to energies and densities that are functionals of the potential. We consider several examples in one dimension (fermions in a box, in a harmonic well, in a linear half-well, and in the Pöschl-Teller well. The effects of higher dimension are also illustrated with the three-dimensional harmonic well and the Bohr atom, non-interacting fermions in a Coulomb well. Modern density functional calculations use the Kohn-Sham scheme almost exclusively. The same semiclassical limit can be studied for the Kohn-Sham kinetic energy, for the exchange energy, and for the correlation energy. For all three, the local density approximation appears to become relatively exact in this limit. Recent work, both analytic and numerical, explores how this limit is approached, in an effort to deduce the leading corrections to the local approximation. A simple scheme, using the Euler-Maclaurin summation formula, is the result of many different attempts at this problem. In very simple cases, the correction formulas are much more accurate than standard density functionals. Several functionals are already in widespread use in both chemistry and materials that incorporate these limits, and prospects for the future are discussed.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1856165
- PAR ID:
- 10332765
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- ArXivorg
- ISSN:
- 2331-8422
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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