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Mobile application security has been one of the major areas of security research in the last decade. Numerous application analysis tools have been proposed in response to malicious, curious, or vulnerable apps. However, existing tools, and specifically, static analysis tools, trade soundness of the analysis for precision and performance, and are hence soundy. Unfortunately, the specific unsound choices or flaws in the design of these tools are often not known or well-documented, leading to a misplaced confidence among researchers, developers, and users. This paper proposes the Mutation-based soundness evaluation (µSE) framework, which systematically evaluates Android static analysis tools to discover, document, and fix, flaws, by leveraging the well-founded practice of mutation analysis. We implement µSE as a semi-automated framework, and apply it to a set of prominent Android static analysis tools that detect private data leaks in apps. As the result of an in-depth analysis of one of the major tools, we discover 13 undocumented flaws. More importantly, we discover that all 13 flaws propagate to tools that inherit the flawed tool. We successfully fix one of the flaws in cooperation with the tool developers. Our results motivate the urgent need for systematic discovery and documentation of unsound choices in soundy tools, and demonstrate the opportunities in leveraging mutation testing in achieving this goal.
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Systematic Mutation-Based Evaluation of the Soundness of Security-Focused Android Static Analysis Techniques
Mobile application security has been a major area of focus for security research over the course of the last decade. Numerous application analysis tools have been proposed in response to malicious, curious, or vulnerable apps. However, existing tools, and specifically, static analysis tools, trade soundness of the analysis for precision and performance and are hence sound y . Unfortunately, the specific unsound choices or flaws in the design of these tools is often not known or well documented, leading to misplaced confidence among researchers, developers, and users. This article describes the Mutation-Based Soundness Evaluation (μSE) framework, which systematically evaluates Android static analysis tools to discover, document, and fix flaws, by leveraging the well-founded practice of mutation analysis. We implemented μSE and applied it to a set of prominent Android static analysis tools that detect private data leaks in apps. In a study conducted previously, we used μSE to discover 13 previously undocumented flaws in FlowDroid, one of the most prominent data leak detectors for Android apps. Moreover, we discovered that flaws also propagated to other tools that build upon the design or implementation of FlowDroid or its components. This article substantially extends our μSE framework and offers a new in-depth analysis of two more major tools in our 2020 study; we find 12 new, undocumented flaws and demonstrate that all 25 flaws are found in more than one tool, regardless of any inheritance-relation among the tools. Our results motivate the need for systematic discovery and documentation of unsound choices in soundy tools and demonstrate the opportunities in leveraging mutation testing in achieving this goal.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1815336
- PAR ID:
- 10334413
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security
- Volume:
- 24
- Issue:
- 3
- ISSN:
- 2471-2566
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 1 to 37
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3439802
