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1. Effect of filtrate flux and process disruptions on virus retention by a relatively homogeneous virus removal membrane

   https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.3255  

   Afzal, Mohammad A.; Zydney, Andrew L. (July 2022, Biotechnology Progress)
2. The science of the host–virus network

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-021-00999-5  

   Albery, Gregory F.; Becker, Daniel J.; Brierley, Liam; Brook, Cara E.; Christofferson, Rebecca C.; Cohen, Lily E.; Dallas, Tad A.; Eskew, Evan A.; Fagre, Anna; Farrell, Maxwell J.; et al (December 2021, Nature Microbiology)
3. Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Protein on Virus Retention for Different Virus Removal Filters

   https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14070158  

   Afzal, Mohammad A; Peles, Joshua; Zydney, Andrew L (July 2024, Membranes)

   The performance of virus filters is often determined by the extent of protein fouling, which can affect both filtrate flux and virus retention. However, the mechanisms governing changes in virus retention in the presence of proteins are still not well understood. The objective of this work was to examine the effect of proteins on virus retention by both asymmetric (Viresolve® NFP and Viresolve® Pro) and relatively homogeneous (Ultipor® DV20 and PegasusTM SV4) virus filtration membranes. Experiments were performed with bacteriophage ϕX174 as a model parvovirus and human serum immunoglobulin G (hIgG) as a model protein. The virus retention in 1 g/L hIgG solutions was consistently less than that in a protein-free buffer solution by between 1 to 3 logs for the different virus filters. The virus retention profiles for the two homogeneous membranes were very similar, with the virus retention being highly correlated with the extent of flux decline. Membranes prefouled with hIgG and then challenged with phages also showed much lower virus retention, demonstrating the importance of membrane fouling; the one exception was the Viresolve® Pro membrane, which showed a similar virus retention for the prefouled and pristine membranes. Experiments in which the protein was filtered after the virus challenge demonstrated that hIgG can displace previously captured viruses from within a filter. The magnitude of these effects significantly varied for the different virus filters, likely due to differences in membrane morphology, pore size distribution, and chemistry, providing important insights into the development/application of virus filtration in bioprocessing. 

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4. Environmental routes of virus transmission and the application of nanomaterial-based sensors for virus detection

   https://doi.org/10.1039/d2en00600f  

   Wang, Wei; Kang, Seju; Zhou, Wei; Vikesland, Peter J. (November 2022, Environmental Science: Nano)

   Many outbreaks of emerging disease ( e.g. , avian influenza, SARS, MERS, Ebola, COVID-19) are caused by viruses. In addition to direct person-to-person transfer, the movement of these viruses through environmental matrices (water, air, and food) can further disease transmission. There is a pressing need for rapid and sensitive virus detection in environmental matrices. Nanomaterial-based sensors (nanosensors), which take advantage of the unique optical, electrical, or magnetic properties of nanomaterials, exhibit significant potential for environmental virus detection. Interactions between viruses and nanomaterials (or recognition agents on the nanomaterials) can induce detectable signals and provide rapid response times, high sensitivity, and high specificity. Facile and field-deployable operations can be envisioned due to the small size of the sensing elements. In this frontier review, we summarize virus transmission via environmental pathways and then comprehensively discuss recent applications of nanosensors to detect various viruses. This review provides guidelines for virus detection in the environment through the use of nanosensors as a tool to decrease environmental transmission of current and emerging diseases. 

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5. Virus capsid assembly across different length scales inspire the development of virus-based biomaterials

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2019.02.010  

   Selivanovitch, Ekaterina; Douglas, Trevor (June 2019, Current Opinion in Virology)