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1. Learning Inter-Agent Synergies in Asymmetric Multiagent Systems

   Dixit, G; Tumer, K (May 2023, International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems)

   Agmon, N; An, B; Ricci, A; Yeoh, W. (Ed.)

   In multiagent systems that require coordination, agents must learn diverse policies that enable them to achieve their individual and team objectives. Multiagent Quality-Diversity methods partially address this problem by filtering the joint space of policies to smaller sub-spaces that make the diversification of agent policies tractable. However, in teams of asymmetric agents (agents with different objectives and capabilities), the search for diversity is primarily driven by the need to find policies that will allow agents to assume complementary roles required to work together in teams. This work introduces Asymmetric Island Model (AIM), a multiagent framework that enables populations of asymmetric agents to learn diverse complementary policies that foster teamwork via dynamic population size allocation on a wide variety of team tasks. The key insight of AIM is that the competitive pressure arising from the distribution of policies on different team-wide tasks drives the agents to explore regions of the policy space that yield specializations that generalize across tasks. Simulation results on multiple variations of a remote habitat problem highlight the strength of AIM in discovering robust synergies that allow agents to operate near-optimally in response to the changing team composition and policies of other agents. 

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2. Ad Hoc Teaming Through Evolution

   Cook, Joshua; Tumer, Kagan (July 2021, Genetic and evolutionary computation)

   null (Ed.)

   Cooperative Co-evolutionary Algorithms effectively train policies in multiagent systems with a single, statically defined team. However, many real-world problems, such as search and rescue, require agents to operate in multiple teams. When the structure of the team changes, these policies show reduced performance as they were trained to cooperate with only one team. In this work, we solve the cooperation problem by training agents to fill the needs of an arbitrary team, thereby gaining the ability to support a large variety of teams. We introduce Ad hoc Teaming Through Evolution (ATTE) which evolves a limited number of policy types using fitness aggregation across multiple teams. ATTE leverages agent types to reduce the dimensionality of the interaction search space, while fitness aggregation across teams selects for more adaptive policies. In a simulated multi-robot exploration task, ATTE is able to learn policies that are effective in a variety of teaming schemes, improving the performance of CCEA by a factor of up to five times. 

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3. Automated Task-Time Interventions to Improve Teamwork using Imitation Learning

   Seo, Sangwon; Han, Bing; Unhelkar, Vaibhav. (January 2023, AAMAS '23: Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems)

   Effective human-human and human-autonomy teamwork is critical but often challenging to perfect. The challenge is particularly relevant in time-critical domains, such as healthcare and disaster response, where the time pressures can make coordination increasingly difficult to achieve and the consequences of imperfect coordination can be severe. To improve teamwork in these and other domains, we present TIC: an automated intervention approach for improving coordination between team members. Using BTIL, a multi-agent imitation learning algorithm, our approach first learns a generative model of team behavior from past task execution data. Next, it utilizes the learned generative model and team's task objective (shared reward) to algorithmically generate execution-time interventions. We evaluate our approach in synthetic multi-agent teaming scenarios, where team members make decentralized decisions without full observability of the environment. The experiments demonstrate that the automated interventions can successfully improve team performance and shed light on the design of autonomous agents for improving teamwork. 

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4. What is the Solution for State-Adversarial Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning?

   Han, Songyang; Su, Sanbao; He, Sihong; Han, Shuo; Yang, Haizhao; Zou, Shaofeng; Miao, Fei (February 2024, Transactions on Machine Learning Research)

   Various methods for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) have been developed with the assumption that agents’ policies are based on accurate state information. However, policies learned through Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) are susceptible to adversarial state perturbation attacks. In this work, we propose a State-Adversarial Markov Game (SAMG) and make the first attempt to investigate different solution concepts of MARL under state uncertainties. Our analysis shows that the commonly used solution concepts of optimal agent policy and robust Nash equilibrium do not always exist in SAMGs. To circumvent this difficulty, we consider a new solution concept called robust agent policy, where agents aim to maximize the worst-case expected state value. We prove the existence of robust agent policy for finite state and finite action SAMGs. Additionally, we propose a Robust Multi-Agent Adversarial Actor-Critic (RMA3C) algorithm to learn robust policies for MARL agents under state uncertainties. Our experiments demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms existing methods when faced with state perturbations and greatly improves the robustness of MARL policies. Our code is public on https://songyanghan.github.io/what_is_solution/. 

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5. What is the Solution for State-Adversarial Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning?

   Han, Songyang; Su, Sanbao; He, Sihong; Han, Shuo; Yang, Haizhao; Zou, Shaofeng; Miao, Fei (February 2024, Transactions on machine learning research)

   Various methods for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) have been developed with the assumption that agents' policies are based on accurate state information. However, policies learned through Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) are susceptible to adversarial state perturbation attacks. In this work, we propose a State-Adversarial Markov Game (SAMG) and make the first attempt to investigate different solution concepts of MARL under state uncertainties. Our analysis shows that the commonly used solution concepts of optimal agent policy and robust Nash equilibrium do not always exist in SAMGs. To circumvent this difficulty, we consider a new solution concept called robust agent policy, where agents aim to maximize the worst-case expected state value. We prove the existence of robust agent policy for finite state and finite action SAMGs. Additionally, we propose a Robust Multi-Agent Adversarial Actor-Critic (RMA3C) algorithm to learn robust policies for MARL agents under state uncertainties. Our experiments demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms existing methods when faced with state perturbations and greatly improves the robustness of MARL policies. Our code is public on https://songyanghan.github.io/what_is_solution/. 

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