BoxCARS and pump-probe geometries are common implementations of two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy. BoxCARS is background-free, generally offering greater signal-to-noise ratio, which enables measuring weak vibrational echo signals. Pulse shapers have been implemented in the pump-probe geometry to accelerate data collection and suppress scatter and other unwanted signals by precise control of the pump-pulse delay and carrier phase. Here, we introduce a 2D-IR optical setup in the BoxCARS geometry that implements a pulse shaper for rapid acquisition of background-free 2D IR spectra. We show a signal-to-noise improvement using this new fast-scan BoxCARS setup versus the pump-probe geometry within the same configuration. 
                        more » 
                        « less   
                    
                            
                            Transient measurement of phononic states with covariance-based stochastic spectroscopy
                        
                    
    
            Abstract We present a novel approach to transient Raman spectroscopy, which combines stochastic probe pulses and a covariance-based detection to measure stimulated Raman signals in alpha-quartz. A coherent broadband pump is used to simultaneously impulsively excite a range of different phonon modes, and the phase, amplitude, and energy of each mode are independently recovered as a function of the pump–probe delay by a noisy-probe and covariance-based analysis. Our experimental results and the associated theoretical description demonstrate the feasibility of 2D-Raman experiments based on the stochastic-probe schemes, with new capabilities not available in equivalent mean-value-based 2D-Raman techniques. This work unlocks the gate for nonlinear spectroscopies to capitalize on the information hidden within the noise and overlooked by a mean-value analysis. 
        more » 
        « less   
        
    
                            - Award ID(s):
- 1953045
- PAR ID:
- 10340548
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Light: Science & Applications
- Volume:
- 11
- Issue:
- 1
- ISSN:
- 2047-7538
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
More Like this
- 
            
- 
            Ultrafast characterization and control of many-body interactions and elementary excitations are critical to understanding and manipulating emergent phenomena in strongly correlated systems. In particular, spin interaction plays an important role in unconventional superconductivity, but efficient tools for probing spin dynamics, especially out of equilibrium, are still lacking. To address this question, we develop a theory for nonresonant time-resolved Raman scattering, which can be a generic and powerful tool for nonequilibrium studies. We also use exact diagonalization to simulate the pump-probe dynamics of correlated electrons in the square-lattice single-band Hubbard model. Different ultrafast processes are shown to exist in the time-resolved Raman spectra and dominate under different pump conditions. For high-frequency and off-resonance pumps, we show that the Floquet theory works well in capturing the softening of bimagnon excitation. By comparing the Stokes and anti-Stokes spectra, we also show that effective heating dominates at small pump fluences, while a coherent many-body effect starts to take over at larger pump amplitudes and frequencies on resonance to the Mott gap. Time-resolved Raman scattering thereby provides the platform to explore different ultrafast processes and design material properties out of equilibrium.more » « less
- 
            Abstract Ultrafast reactions activated by light absorption are governed by multidimensional excited-state (ES) potential energy surfaces (PESs), which describe how the molecular potential varies with the nuclear coordinates. ES PESs ad-hoc displaced with respect to the ground state can drive subtle structural rearrangements, accompanying molecular biological activity and regulating physical/chemical properties. Such displacements are encoded in the Franck-Condon overlap integrals, which in turn determine the resonant Raman response. Conventional spectroscopic approaches only access their absolute value, and hence cannot determine the sense of ES displacements. Here, we introduce a two-color broadband impulsive Raman experimental scheme, to directly measure complex Raman excitation profiles along desired normal modes. The key to achieve this task is in the signal linear dependence on the Frank-Condon overlaps, brought about by non-degenerate resonant probe and off-resonant pump pulses, which ultimately enables time-domain sensitivity to the phase of the stimulated vibrational coherences. Our results provide the tool to determine the magnitude and the sensed direction of ES displacements, unambiguously relating them to the ground state eigenvectors reference frame.more » « less
- 
            In recent years, optical pump-probe microscopy (PPM) has become a vital technique for spatiotemporally imaging electronic excitations and charge-carrier transport in metals and semiconductors. However, existing methods are limited by mechanical delay lines with a probe time window of only several nanoseconds (ns), or monochromatic pump and probe sources with restricted spectral coverage and temporal resolution, hindering their amenability in studying relatively slow processes. To bridge these gaps, we introduce a dual-hyperspectral PPM setup with a time window spanning from ns to milliseconds and single-ns resolution. Our method features a wide-field probe tunable from 370 nm to 1000 nm and a pump spanning from 330 nm to 16 µm. We apply this PPM technique to study various two-dimensional metal-halide perovskites (2D-MHPs) as representative semiconductors by imaging their transient responses near the exciton resonances under both above-bandgap, electronic pump excitation, and below-bandgap, vibrational pump excitation. The resulting spatially- and temporally-resolved images reveal insights into heat dissipation, film uniformity, distribution of impurity phases, and film-substrate interfaces. In addition, the single-ns temporal resolution enables the imaging of in-plane strain wave propagation in 2D-MHP single crystals. Our method, which offers extensive spectral tunability and significantly improved time resolution, opens new possibilities for the imaging of charge carriers, heat, and transient phase transformation processes, particularly in materials with spatially-varying composition, strain, crystalline structure, and interfaces.more » « less
- 
            Simulations of strongly stratified turbulence often exhibit coherent large-scale structures called vertically sheared horizontal flows (VSHFs). VSHFs emerge in both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) stratified turbulence with similar vertical structure. The mechanism responsible for VSHF formation is not fully understood. In this work, the formation and equilibration of VSHFs in a 2D Boussinesq model of stratified turbulence is studied using statistical state dynamics (SSD). In SSD, equations of motion are expressed directly in the statistical variables of the turbulent state. Restriction to 2D turbulence facilitates application of an analytically and computationally attractive implementation of SSD referred to as S3T, in which the SSD is expressed by coupling the equation for the horizontal mean structure with the equation for the ensemble mean perturbation covariance. This second-order SSD produces accurate statistics, through second order, when compared with fully nonlinear simulations. In particular, S3T captures the spontaneous emergence of the VSHF and associated density layers seen in simulations of turbulence maintained by homogeneous large-scale stochastic excitation. An advantage of the S3T system is that the VSHF formation mechanism, which is wave–mean flow interaction between the emergent VSHF and the stochastically excited large-scale gravity waves, is analytically understood in the S3T system. Comparison with fully nonlinear simulations verifies that S3T solutions accurately predict the scale selection, dependence on stochastic excitation strength, and nonlinear equilibrium structure of the VSHF. These results constitute a theory for VSHF formation applicable to interpreting simulations and observations of geophysical examples of turbulent jets such as the ocean’s equatorial deep jets.more » « less
 An official website of the United States government
An official website of the United States government 
				
			 
					 
					
 
                                    