Mechanically-induced redox processes offer a promising alternative to more conventional thermal and photochemical synthetic methods. For macromolecule synthesis, current methods utilize sensitive transition metal additives and suffer from background reactivity. Alternative methodology will offer exquisite control over these stimuli-induced mechanoredox reactions to couple force with redox-driven chemical transformations. Herein, we present the iodonium-initiated free-radical polymerization of (meth)acrylate monomers under ultrasonic irradiation and ball-milling conditions. We explore the kinetic and structural consequences of these complementary mechanical inputs to access high molecular weight polymers. This methodology will undoubtedly find broad utility across stimuli-controlled polymerization reactions and adaptive material design.
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Rainbow-Link: Beam-Alignment-Free and Grant-Free mmW Multiple Access Using True-Time-Delay Array
- Award ID(s):
- 1955672
- PAR ID:
- 10342923
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
- Volume:
- 40
- Issue:
- 5
- ISSN:
- 0733-8716
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 1692 to 1705
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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A group is called free-by-free if it is the semi-direct product of two finitely generated free groups. A group is coherent if any finitely generated subgroup is finitely presented, and incoherent otherwise. In this paper, the authors provide evidence towards the conjecture (due independently to the authors and Dani Wise) that every free-by-free group is incoherent. To do this, they give a homological condition which lets them conclude that the free-by-free group has a finite index subgroup which surjects onto ℤ with finitely generated kernel; standard arguments imply that this kernel cannot be finitely presented. As an important special case, they show that if the free-by-free group is hyperbolic and virtually special, then it is incoherent.more » « less
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Abstract Radio free–free emission is considered to be one of the most reliable tracers of star formation in galaxies. However, as it constitutes the faintest part of the radio spectrum—being roughly an order of magnitude less luminous than radio synchrotron emission at the GHz frequencies typically targeted in radio surveys—the usage of free–free emission as a star formation rate tracer has mostly remained limited to the local universe. Here, we perform a multifrequency radio stacking analysis using deep Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array observations at 1.4, 3, 5, 10, and 34 GHz in the COSMOS and GOODS-North fields to probe free–free emission in typical galaxies at the peak of cosmic star formation. We find that z ∼ 0.5–3 star-forming galaxies exhibit radio emission at rest-frame frequencies of ∼65–90 GHz that is ∼1.5–2 times fainter than would be expected from a simple combination of free–free and synchrotron emission, as in the prototypical starburst galaxy M82. We interpret this as a deficit in high-frequency synchrotron emission, while the level of free–free emission is as expected from M82. We additionally provide the first constraints on the cosmic star formation history using free–free emission at 0.5 ≲ z ≲ 3, which are in good agreement with more established tracers at high redshift. In the future, deep multifrequency radio surveys will be crucial in order to accurately determine the shape of the radio spectrum of faint star-forming galaxies, and to further establish radio free–free emission as a tracer of high-redshift star formation.more » « less
- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
-
Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2022.3143261
