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1. Atmospheric Progression of Microcystin-LR from Cyanobacterial Aerosols

   https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00464  

   Jang, Myoseon; Berthold, David E.; Yu, Zechen; Silva-Sanchez, Cecilia; Laughinghouse IV, H. Dail; Denslow, Nancy D.; Han, Sanghee (October 2020, Environmental Science & Technology Letters)

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2. Synergistic effect of electrocoagulation and antifouling nanofiltration membranes for microcystin removal

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144298  

   Thamaraiselvan, Chidambaram; McKean, Thomas; Khalili, Mahsa; Do, Sarah; Hackett, Cannon; Liyanage, Rohana; Qian, Xianghong; Wickramasinghe, Ranil (May 2025, Chemosphere)
3. Microcystin congeners in Lake Erie follow the seasonal pattern of nitrogen availability

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2023.102466  

   Chaffin, Justin D.; Westrick, Judy A.; Reitz, Laura A.; Bridgeman, Thomas B. (August 2023, Harmful Algae)
4. Microcystin-LR Removal from Water via Enzymatic Linearization and Ultrafiltration

   https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14040231  

   Fionah, Abelline; Hackett, Cannon; Aljewari, Hazim; Brady, Laura; Alqhtani, Faisal; Escobar, Isabel C.; Thompson, Audie K. (April 2022, Toxins)

   Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a toxin produced by cyanobacteria that can bloom in freshwater supplies. This study describes a new strategy for remediation of MC-LR that combines linearization of the toxin using microcystinase A, MlrA, enzyme with rejection of linearized byproducts using membrane filtration. The MlrA enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and purified via a His-tag with 95% purity. Additionally, composite membranes made of 95% polysulfone and 5% sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) were fabricated and used to filter a solution containing cyclic and linearized MC-LR. Tests were also performed to measure the adsorption and desorption of MC-LR on polysulfone/SPEEK membranes. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to characterize the progress of linearization and removal of MC-LR. Results indicate that the MlrA was successful at linearizing MC-LR. Membrane filtration tests showed rejection of 97% of cyclic MC-LR and virtually all linearized MC-LR, with adsorption to the membranes being the main rejection mechanism. Adsorption/desorption tests indicated that methanol could be used to strip residual MC-LR from membranes to regenerate them. This study demonstrates a novel strategy of remediation of microcystin-tainted water, combining linearization of MC-LR to a low-toxicity byproduct along with removal by membrane filtration. 

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5. Coupling physiochemical adsorption with biodegradation for enhanced removal of microcystin-LR in water

   Tang, S; Zhang, L; Zhu, H; Jiang, SC (May 2024, Science of the total environment)