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1. Layered List Labeling

   https://doi.org/10.1145/3651602  

   Bender, Michael A.; Conway, Alex; Farach-Colton, Martin; Komlos, Hanna; Kuszmaul, William (June 2024, PODS)
2. Six methods for transforming layered hypergraphs to apply layered graph layout algorithms

   https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.14538  

   Di Bartolomeo, Sara; Pister, Alexis; Buono, Paolo; Plaisant, Catherine; Dunne, Cody; Fekete, Jean‐Daniel (June 2022, Computer Graphics Forum)
3. Multi-Layered Network Embedding

   https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611975321.77  

   Jundong Li, Chen Chen (April 2018, SDM)

   Network embedding has gained more attentions in recent years. It has been shown that the learned low-dimensional node vector representations could advance a myriad of graph mining tasks such as node classification, community detection, and link prediction. A vast majority of the existing efforts are overwhelmingly devoted to single-layered networks or homogeneous networks with a single type of nodes and node interactions. However, in many real-world applications, a variety of networks could be abstracted and presented in a multilayered fashion. Typical multi-layered networks include critical infrastructure systems, collaboration platforms, social recommender systems, to name a few. Despite the widespread use of multi-layered networks, it remains a daunting task to learn vector representations of different types of nodes due to the bewildering combination of both within-layer connections and cross-layer network dependencies. In this paper, we study a novel problem of multi-layered network embedding. In particular, we propose a principled framework – MANE to model both within-layer connections and cross-layer network dependencies simultaneously in a unified optimization framework for embedding representation learning. Experiments on real-world multi-layered networks corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed framework. 

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4. Layered supramolecular hydrogels from thioglycosides

   https://doi.org/10.1039/d2tb00037g  

   Wang, Yu-Cheng; Kegel, Laurel L.; Knoff, David S.; Deodhar, Bhushan S.; Astashkin, Andrei V.; Kim, Minkyu; Pemberton, Jeanne E. (April 2022, Journal of Materials Chemistry B)

   Low molecular weight hydrogels are made of small molecules that aggregate via noncovalent interactions. Here, comprehensive characterization of the physical and chemical properties of hydrogels made from thioglycolipids of the disaccharides lactose and cellobiose with simple alkyl chains is reported. While thiolactoside hydrogels are robust, thiocellobioside gels are metastable, precipitating over time into fibrous crystals that can be entangled to create pseudo-hydrogels. Rheology confirms the viscoelastic solid nature of these hydrogels with storage moduli ranging from 10–600 kPa. Additionally, thiolactoside hydrogels are thixotropic which is a desirable property for many potential applications. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy of xerogels shows layers of stacked sheets that are entangled into networks. These structures are unique compared to the fibers or ribbons typically reported for hydrogels. Differential scanning calorimetry provides gel-to-liquid phase transition temperatures ranging from 30 to 80 °C. Prodan fluorescence spectroscopy allows assignment of phase transitions in the gels and other lyotropic phases of high concentration samples. Phase diagrams are estimated for all hydrogels at 1–10 wt% from 5 to ≥ 80 °C. These hydrogels represent a series of interesting materials with unique properties that make them attractive for numerous potential applications. 

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5. Regulation When Platforms Are Layered

   https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3427499  

   Lehr, W; Clark, D; Bauer, S; claffy, k (September 2019, Telecommunications Policy Research Conference (TPRC))

   In previous papers, Lehr and Sicker (2018a,b) argued that the changing character of our telecommunications infrastructure called for a new regulatory approach, with a new Communications Act to define the duties and authorities of a reconceptualized FCC (what we call newFCC in this paper). Today's Internet ecosystem is comprised of multiple digital network platforms organized into a multi-layer architecture. Lower layer IP platforms provided by access and backbone ISPs collectively support the Internet, on which complementors can build higher-layer platforms, such as the platforms provided by powerful firms such as Google, Microsoft, Amazon, Facebook and Apple. These firms control and operate multiple platforms within the larger Internet ecosystem. When dominant platform providers pursue multi-platform strategies in an effort to capture or control a market, such strategies confound current methods for defining markets and assessing market power. This paper draws on the layered platform nature of the Internet ecosystem, as described in Claffy and Clark (2014), to illustrate how this layered character of today’s Internet ecosystem calls for new regulatory authority. This paper draws on the layered platform model to scope the duties for an agency (or agencies) with sector-specific expertise. 

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