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1. Training differences predict dogs' (Canis lupus familiaris) preferences for prosocial others

   https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-020-01417-9  

   Silver, Zachary A. ; Furlong, Ellen E. ; Johnston, Angie M. ; Santos, Laurie R. ( January 2021 , Animal Cognition)
2. The benefits of combining value for the self and others in utility-value interventions.

   https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000343  

   Priniski, Stacy J. ; Rosenzweig, Emily Q. ; Canning, Elizabeth A. ; Hecht, Cameron A. ; Tibbetts, Yoi ; Hyde, Janet S. ; Harackiewicz, Judith M. ( March 2019 , Journal of Educational Psychology)
3. Civil Engineering Students’ Beliefs about the Technical and Social Implications of Global Warming and When Global Warming Will Impact Them Personally and Others

   https://doi.org/10.18260/1-2--34285  

   Katz, Andrew ; Shealy, Tripp ; Godwin, Allison ( January 2020 , American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition)

   null (Ed.)

   The United Nations recognizes reducing the effects of global warming as a Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) (#13). This goal is interconnected and critical to improving health and education, reducing inequality, and spurring economic growth globally. Civil engineers will play a vital role in meeting this goal. To understand how civil engineering students perceive global warming, we surveyed a national sample of civil engineering students in their final semester of college (n = 524). We asked them (a) if they recognize both the technical and social issues associated with global warming and (b) when they believe global warming will start to have a severe effect on themselves, others, and the planet. Civil engineering students are significantly more likely to recognize the technical issues associated with global warming than social issues. In particular, the majority of students understand global warming is an immediate issue for the environment, engineering, health, and science, but less than half recognize global warming presents social justice, poverty, and national security issues. Moreover, civil engineering students hold an inverse relationship between spatial distance and the timing of the effects of global warming. The majority of students believe global warming is currently having a severe impact on plant and animal species, the environment, people in developing countries, and the world's poor but do not recognize themselves in this group. Instead, civil engineering students predominantly believe the effects of global warming will start to have a serious impact on themselves, their family, and people in their community in 25 to 50 years. These results are troubling because if those beliefs translate into students waiting to address climate change for another two to five decades locks in more emissions and increases the chance of future and more severe global humanitarian crises. Educational interventions are needed to change these perspectives about time and impact. 

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4. Neural representations of others’ traits predict social decisions

   https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2116944119  

   Kobayashi, Kenji ; Kable, Joseph W. ; Hsu, Ming ; Jenkins, Adrianna C. ( May 2022 , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)

   To guide social interaction, people often rely on expectations about the traits of other people, based on markers of social group membership (i.e., stereotypes). Although the influence of stereotypes on social behavior is widespread, key questions remain about how traits inferred from social-group membership are instantiated in the brain and incorporated into neural computations that guide social behavior. Here, we show that the human lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) represents the content of stereotypes about members of different social groups in the service of social decision-making. During functional MRI scanning, participants decided how to distribute resources across themselves and members of a variety of social groups in a modified Dictator Game. Behaviorally, we replicated our recent finding that inferences about others' traits, captured by a two-dimensional framework of stereotype content (warmth and competence), had dissociable effects on participants' monetary-allocation choices: recipients' warmth increased participants’ aversion to advantageous inequity (i.e., earning more than recipients), and recipients’ competence increased participants’ aversion to disadvantageous inequity (i.e., earning less than recipients). Neurally, representational similarity analysis revealed that others' traits in the two-dimensional space were represented in the temporoparietal junction and superior temporal sulcus, two regions associated with mentalizing, and in the lateral OFC, known to represent inferred features of a decision context outside the social domain. Critically, only the latter predicted individual choices, suggesting that the effect of stereotypes on behavior is mediated by inference-based decision-making processes in the OFC. 

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5. Who wins the race near the interface? Stratification of colloids, nano-surfactants, and others

   https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0098710  

   Li, Yifan ; Marander, Matthew ; Mort, Rebecca ; Liu, Fei ; Yong, Xin ; Jiang, Shan ( September 2022 , Journal of Applied Physics)

   The diffusion of colloids, nanoparticles, and small molecules near the gas–liquid interface presents interesting multiphase transport phenomena and unique opportunities for understanding interactions near the surface and interface. Stratification happens when different species preside over the interfaces in the final dried coating structure. Understanding the principles of stratification can lead to emerging technologies for materials’ fabrication and has the potential to unlock innovative industrial solutions, such as smart coatings and drug formulations for controlled release. However, stratification can be perplexing and unpredictable. It may involve a complicated interplay between particles and interfaces. The surface chemistry and solution conditions are critical in determining the race of particles near the interface. Current theory and simulation cannot fully explain the observations in some experiments, especially the newly developed stratification of nano-surfactants. Here, we summarize the efforts in the experimental work, theory, and simulation of stratification, with an emphasis on bridging the knowledge gap between our understanding of surface adsorption and bulk diffusion. We will also propose new mechanisms of stratification based on recent observations of nano-surfactant stratification. More importantly, the discussions here will lay the groundwork for future studies beyond stratification and nano-surfactants. The results will lead to the fundamental understanding of nanoparticle interactions and transport near interfaces, which can profoundly impact many other research fields, including nanocomposites, self-assembly, colloidal stability, and nanomedicine. 

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