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Abstract Therapeutic antibodies, due to their high affinity and specificity toward their biological targets, may demonstrate reduced harmful side effects compared with traditional drug moieties. While most of the as‐yet clinically approved antibody therapeutics have targeted extracellular or membrane‐bound domains, the ability to target intracellular antigens with antibodies opens up tremendous opportunities for imaging, diagnosis, and therapeutic applications. Generally, delivery concerns have limited the ability to target intracellular antigens, as many antibodies cannot easily cross the cell membrane due to their size and surface chemistry. Delivery platforms have been explored to address this issue, including physical methods, fusion protein/peptide techniques, and synthetic carrier‐based systems. This review summarizes the progress of carrier‐based intracellular antibody delivery systems employing synthetic lipids, polymers, and inorganic nanomaterials. Antibodies targeting various epitopes have been loaded through adsorption, conjugation, or physical encapsulation strategies. Successful intracellular deliveries have been demonstrated largely through fluorescence imaging using dye‐labeled antibody cargos. Specific synthetic delivery platforms have great potential for ex vivo and in vivo therapeutic applications. Challenges and opportunities are further discussed for material scientists to explore in this research area.
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Sonoporation: Past, Present, and Future
Abstract A surge of research in intracellular delivery technologies is underway with the increased innovations in cell‐based therapies and cell reprogramming. Particularly, physical cell membrane permeabilization techniques are highlighted as the leading technologies because of their unique features, including versatility, independence of cargo properties, and high‐throughput delivery that is critical for providing the desired cell quantity for cell‐based therapies. Amongst the physical permeabilization methods, sonoporation holds great promise and demonstrates to deliver a variety of functional cargos, such as biomolecular drugs, proteins, and plasmids, to various cells including cancer, immune, and stem cells. However, traditional bubble‐based sonoporation methods usually require special contrast agents. Bubble‐based sonoporation methods also have high chances of inducing irreversible damage to critical cell components, lowering the cell viability, and reducing the effectiveness of delivered cargos. To overcome these limitations, several novel non‐bubble‐based sonoporation mechanisms are under development. This review will cover both the bubble‐based and non‐bubble‐based sonoporation mechanisms being employed for intracellular delivery, the technologies being investigated to overcome the limitations of traditional platforms, as well as perspectives on the future sonoporation mechanisms, technologies, and applications.
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- PAR ID:
- 10361232
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Advanced Materials Technologies
- Volume:
- 7
- Issue:
- 1
- ISSN:
- 2365-709X
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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