Urban greening is often proposed for urban heat island (UHI) mitigation because vegetation provides shade and increases evapotranspiration. However, vegetation has lower albedo and higher emissivity than the bare soil it often replaces, which increases incoming energy fluxes. Here, we use the Weather Research and Forecasting model to quantify and compare the albedo and non‐albedo effects (i.e., changes in emissivity, surface roughness, and evaporative fluxes) of urban greening in the Los Angeles Basin under policy relevant urban greening scenarios. When albedo‐induced effects were included in the model, daytime surface temperatures in urban areas warmed by 0.70 ± 0.89°C with increases in the sensible heat flux outweighing increases in the latent heat flux from increased evapotranspiration. In contrast, daytime surface temperatures cooled by 0.27 ± 0.72°C when the albedo‐induced effects were ignored. At night, including albedo‐induced effects of urban greening resulted in only half the cooling modeled in the non‐albedo simulations. Near surface air temperatures also had contrasting model results, with nighttime cooling of 0.21 ± 0.47°C outweighing slight daytime warming of 0.04 ± 0.32°C in the non‐albedo simulations and daytime warming of 0.33 ± 0.41°C outweighing slight nighttime cooling of 0.05 ± 0.46°C in the albedo simulations. Our results reveal the critical role that albedo plays in determining the net surface climate effects of urban greening. Reductions in albedo from urban greening should be carefully considered by policy makers and urban planners, especially as high albedo roofs and pavements are simultaneously being deployed for UHI mitigation in many cities.
High nighttime urban air temperatures increase health risks and economic vulnerability of people globally. While recent studies have highlighted nighttime heat mitigation effects of urban vegetation, the magnitude and variability of vegetation-derived urban nighttime cooling differs greatly among cities. We hypothesize that urban vegetation-derived nighttime air cooling is driven by vegetation density whose effect is regulated by aridity through increasing transpiration. We test this hypothesis by deploying microclimate sensors across eight United States cities and investigating relationships of nighttime air temperature and urban vegetation throughout a summer season. Urban vegetation decreased nighttime air temperature in all cities. Vegetation cooling magnitudes increased as a function of aridity, resulting in the lowest cooling magnitude of 1.4 °C in the most humid city, Miami, FL, and 5.6 °C in the most arid city, Las Vegas, NV. Consistent with the differences among cities, the cooling effect increased during heat waves in all cities. For cities that experience a summer monsoon, Phoenix and Tucson, AZ, the cooling magnitude was larger during the more arid pre-monsoon season than during the more humid monsoon period. Our results place the large differences among previous measurements of vegetation nighttime urban cooling into a coherent physiological framework dependent on plant transpiration. This work informs urban heat risk planning by providing a framework for using urban vegetation as an environmental justice tool and can help identify where and when urban vegetation has the largest effect on mitigating nighttime temperatures.
more » « less- Award ID(s):
- 1924288
- PAR ID:
- 10362108
- Publisher / Repository:
- IOP Publishing
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Environmental Research Letters
- Volume:
- 16
- Issue:
- 3
- ISSN:
- 1748-9326
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- Article No. 034011
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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