The lake breeze effect along the shoreline of lake Michigan has been attributed to causing high tropospheric ozone concentrations at shoreline locations. The 2021 Wisconsin’s Dynamic Influence of Shoreline Circulation on Ozone (WiscoDISCO-21) campaign involved atmospheric measurements over Chiwaukee Prairie State Natural Area in Southeastern Wisconsin from May 21-26, 2021. Three different platforms were used to collect data on this campaign in addition to the regulatory monitor at this site. Two uncrewed aerial systems (UAS), an M210 multirotor copter and the University of Colorado RAAVEN fixed-wing were flown. The RAAVEN flew between 0 and 500 meters above ground level (m AGL) and measured many atmospheric conditions, the most pertinent being temperature, humidity, and winds. The M210 flew between 0 and 120 m AGL and was equipped with a 2B Technologies Personalized Ozone Monitor (POM) which captured ozone concentrations and an Interment Systems iMET-XQ2 meteorology sensor which captured relative humidity, temperature, and pressure. A Lidar Wind Profiler measured backscatter intensities, wind speeds and direction up to 2000 m AGL. Using data from the RAAVEN, the Wisconsin DNR, and the iMET-XQ2, at least one lake breeze was detected every day of the campaign. The largest lake breezes were detected on May 22, 2021, from 17:00-21:38 UTC and on May 24, 2021, from 14:24-22:51 UTC. The presence of the lake breezes correlated with detected temperature inversions measured from the RAAVEN and high ozone events measured from the M210. Lake breezes were investigated with their relationship to vertical profiles measured on the UAS, ozone concentrations, and marine boundary layer height observed with Doppler Lidar and modeled by the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) meteorological model.
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Observations of the Development and Vertical Structure of the Lake-Breeze Circulation during the 2017 Lake Michigan Ozone Study
Ground-based thermodynamic and kinematic profilers were placed adjacent to the western shore of Lake Michigan at two sites as part of the 2017 Lake Michigan Ozone Study. The southern site near Zion, Illinois, hosted a microwave radiometer (MWR) and a sodar wind profiler, while the northern site in Sheboygan, Wisconsin, featured an Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI), a Doppler lidar, and a High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL). Each site experienced several lake-breeze events during the experiment. Composite time series and time–height cross sections were constructed relative to the lake-breeze arrival time so that commonalities across events could be explored. The composited surface observations indicate that the wind direction of the lake breeze was consistently southeasterly at both sites regardless of its direction before the arrival of the lake-breeze front. Surface relative humidity increased with the arriving lake breeze, though this was due to cooler air temperatures as absolute moisture content stayed the same or decreased. The profiler observations show that the lake breeze penetrated deeper when the local environment was unstable and preexisting flow was weak. The cold air associated with the lake breeze remained confined to the lowest 200 m of the troposphere even if the wind shift was observed at higher altitudes. The evolution of the lake breeze corresponded well to observed changes in baroclinicity and calculated changes in circulation. Collocated observations of aerosols showed increases in number and mass concentrations after the passage of the lake-breeze front.
more » « less- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10367786
- Publisher / Repository:
- American Meteorological Society
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
- Volume:
- 79
- Issue:
- 4
- ISSN:
- 0022-4928
- Format(s):
- Medium: X Size: p. 1005-1020
- Size(s):
- ["p. 1005-1020"]
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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