The lake breeze effect along the shoreline of lake Michigan has been attributed to causing high tropospheric ozone concentrations at shoreline locations. The 2021 Wisconsin’s Dynamic Influence of Shoreline Circulation on Ozone (WiscoDISCO-21) campaign involved atmospheric measurements over Chiwaukee Prairie State Natural Area in Southeastern Wisconsin from May 21-26, 2021. Three different platforms were used to collect data on this campaign in addition to the regulatory monitor at this site. Two uncrewed aerial systems (UAS), an M210 multirotor copter and the University of Colorado RAAVEN fixed-wing were flown. The RAAVEN flew between 0 and 500 meters above ground level (m AGL) and measured many atmospheric conditions, the most pertinent being temperature, humidity, and winds. The M210 flew between 0 and 120 m AGL and was equipped with a 2B Technologies Personalized Ozone Monitor (POM) which captured ozone concentrations and an Interment Systems iMET-XQ2 meteorology sensor which captured relative humidity, temperature, and pressure. A Lidar Wind Profiler measured backscatter intensities, wind speeds and direction up to 2000 m AGL. Using data from the RAAVEN, the Wisconsin DNR, and the iMET-XQ2, at least one lake breeze was detected every day of the campaign. The largest lake breezes were detected on May 22, 2021, from 17:00-21:38 UTC and on May 24, 2021, from 14:24-22:51 UTC. The presence of the lake breezes correlated with detected temperature inversions measured from the RAAVEN and high ozone events measured from the M210. Lake breezes were investigated with their relationship to vertical profiles measured on the UAS, ozone concentrations, and marine boundary layer height observed with Doppler Lidar and modeled by the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) meteorological model.
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Investigations into lake breeze influence on ozone measurements at the Lake Michigan shoreline using an Unmanned Aerial System and LIDAR at Chiwaukee Prairie State Natural Area, Wisconsin
The air quality at the Lake Michigan shoreline in southeastern Wisconsin is heavily influenced by the combination of Chicago area urban emissions and the meteorology over the lake. In June 2020, a multi-rotor DJI M600 Pro unmanned aerial system (UAS) equipped with a small ozone monitor (2B POM) and a meteorological sensor (iMET-XF) was flown on forecasted ozone exceedance days in the morning and evening to measure ozone, temperature, pressure and humidity profiles from 5-120 m AGL at the Chiwaukee Prairie State Natural Area in Southeastern Wisconsin. The Wisconsin DNR lakeshore air quality monitor at Chiwaukee Prairie in Kenosha, WI (AIRS ID 55-059-0019) sits 0.16 km from the shoreline and at the Wisconsin-Illinois boarder, near to where the UAS flights took place. The Chiwaukee Priaire monitoring station was equipped for an enhanced monitoring season, with a LIDAR Wind Profiler instrument. The combination of UAS measurements with the LIDAR meteorological measurements provide an understanding of the vertical structure in the meteorology of lake breeze and ozone during exceedance days. Temperature measurements aloft from the UAS show an atmospheric inversion at this site all sampling days (June 8, 9, 15-19). The ozone measurements trend with the temperature data, typically with higher ozone aloft than at the surface with a regular feature at 50-80 m AGL. We will discuss the results from the UAS with the LIDAR measurements to help understand the lake breeze influence on the local ozone measurements.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1918850
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10458429
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Transactions American Geophysical Union
- ISSN:
- 0002-8606
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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The lake breeze circulation along Lake Michigan is associated with high tropospheric ozone concentrations at shoreline locations. The 2021 Wisconsin's Dynamic Influence of Shoreline Circulation on Ozone (WiscoDISCO-21) campaign involved atmospheric measurements over Chiwaukee Prairie State Natural Area in Southeastern Wisconsin from May 21–26, 2021. Three different platforms, two uncrewed aerial systems (UAS) and a Doppler lidar instrument, were used to collect data on this campaign, supplemented by a ground-based Wisconsin DNR maintained regulatory monitor at the site. A Purdue University M210 multirotor copter, and the University of Colorado RAAVEN fixed-wing aircraft were flown in coordination. Using data from the ground station, RAAVEN and onsite lidar, lake breezes were detected on several days of the campaign. The longest sustained lake breezes during the campaign were detected on May 22, 2021, from 17:00–21:38 UTC and on May 24, 2021, from 14:24–22:51 UTC. The presence of the lake breezes correlated with detected temperature inversions measured from the RAAVEN and high ozone events measured from the M210. Lake breezes were investigated with their relationship to vertical profiles measured on the UAS, ozone concentrations, and marine boundary layer height observed with Doppler lidar to demonstrate a multi-layered lower atmosphere. A buoyant internal boundary layer was observed over land from 40–100 m AGL below highest ozone concentrations. Marine layer extent was investigated through minimum buoyancy and Richardson number analysis, showing limited vertical mixing at altitudes up to 200 m AGL, below easterly lake breeze circulation patterns extending upward to 400 m AGL in the late day.more » « less
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The mesoscale meteorology of lake breezes along Lake Michigan impacts local observations of high ozone events. Previous manned aircraft and UAS observations have demonstrated non-uniform ozone concentrations within and above the marine layer over water and within shoreline environments. During the 2021 Wisconsin’s Dynamic Influence of Shoreline Circulations on Ozone (WiscoDISCO21) campaign, two UAS platforms, a fixed-wing (University of Colorado RAAVEN) and a multirotor (DJI M210), were used simultaneously to capture lake breeze during forecasted high ozone events at Chiwaukee Prairie State Natural Area in southeastern Wisconsin from May 21-26, 2021. The RAAVEN platform measured temperature, humidity, and 3-D winds during 2-hour flights following two separate flight patterns up to 3 times per day at altitudes reaching 500 m AGL. The M210 platform measured vertical profiles of temperature, humidity and ozone during 15-minute flights up to 6 times per day at altitudes reaching 120 m AGL near to a WI-DNR ground monitoring station (AIRS ID: 55-059-0019). This campaign was conducted in conjunction with the enhanced ozone monitoring plan from WI-DNR that included Doppler lidar wind profiler observations at the site. The team captured a range of lake breeze events, including development, abatement, and mid-day lake breeze persistence over the course of the campaign. Atmospheric profiles of meteorology and ozone, and comparison of domains across platforms, ground observations, and lidar will be discussed.more » « less
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In June 2020, a series of Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) flights were conducted as part of the Wisconsin’s Dynamic Influence of Shoreline Circulations on Ozone (WiscoDisco20) campaign over the Chiwaukee Prairie State Natural Area in Southeastern Wisconsin. Temperature and humidity measurements were taken using an iMet-XQ2 atmospheric sensor and ozone measurements were taken by a 2B Tech POM sensor. Both sensors were mounted on a DJI M600 Hexacopter and two flights were conducted a day, one in the morning around 8 am (CDT), and one in the afternoon around 2 pm (CDT). Each flight was broken up into three subsections to land and switch batteries, and hover altitudes were 10 meters above ground level (m AGL), 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 m AGL. Observations aloft were compared with observations from a regulatory ground station to verify the reliability of the UAS measurements. Using the field data compiled from June 15-19, 2020, the existence of atmospheric inversions that were introduced by east to southeast winds illustrated a clear lake breeze effect. Atmospheric inversions are sections of the atmosphere where the temperature, humidity, and pollutant composition can have sudden dramatic shifts. These inversions occurred at different heights each day, but the inversion layer’s beginning ranged from 40 m to 100 m. The inversions demonstrated a large change in both humidity and temperature, often sharply changing up to 5 °C and by up to 35% relative humidity. With this change also comes a significant increase in ozone concentration in the inversion layer compared to its surroundings, with ozone peaking in concentration at the beginning of the inversion layer. Ozone in the inversion layer was regularly found to be in excess regulatory safety standards of throughout the week.more » « less
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The Wisconsin’s Dynamic Influence of Shoreline Circulation on Ozone (WiscoDISCO) campaign involved obtaining atmospheric measurements to create a model of atmospheric layering of a shoreline environment impacted by high concentrations of ozone. During the 2021 and 2022 campaigns, Uncrewed Aerial Systems (UAS) were flown at a Lake Michigan shoreline in southeastern Wisconsin to obtain overwater and overland measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, ozone concentration, and wind speed and direction. Measurements from WiscoDISCO 21 and 22 have been used to characterize the marine layer using height of maximum buoyancy suppression. During WiscoDISCO-21 fixed wing observations and Doppler lidar also provided measurements of winds to higher altitudes (up to 2 km AGL for lidar and 500 m AGL for fixed-wing UAS) such that lake breeze circulation patterns opposing synoptic flow can be characterized by maximum height of easterly winds. Marine layer depth analysis has been compared to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model output of planetary boundary layer heights at locations over water and over land. The marine layer dimensionality, layering of ozone concentrations within inversion, and agreement between observations and HRRR model and will be discussed.more » « less
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