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ABSTRACT Animal coloration is a complex phenotype that may be affected by genetics, evolution, ecology, and environment. Disentangling the impact of environment on phenotype can often be done in laboratory studies, but the results do not necessarily correspond to the natural variation present in the wild. Painted turtles are a brightly colored freshwater species that inhabit a variety of environments in North America. There is known to be plasticity in the melanin coloration of the shell of painted turtles in a lab setting, but this has not been measured in the wild. The bright skin coloration that gives painted turtles their name is caused by carotenoids, which can only be obtained from an organism's diet in vertebrates. Though the availability of carotenoids likely varies between environments, and there is evidence that some of the carotenoid‐based coloration in this species is a visual signal, it is unknown if or how environmental variation impacts coloration in the wild. To address this, we measured the effect of the environment on turtle coloration by assessing multiple populations of painted turtles in northern Wisconsin. We measured water clarity and aquatic plant density at each site where turtles were caught. We found that females had brighter carapaces than males, and that plastron brightness varied with water clarity and plant density, despite its ventral orientation. We also found that neither water clarity nor plant density predicted carotenoid chroma, despite reason to believe that light environment and carotenoid availability should impact a visual signal. These findings suggest that colorful phenotypic traits in this turtle species are complex and their potential role as visual signals requires more research. It is crucial to understand the different phenotypes of painted turtles since coloration may influence fitness in this species, and since laboratory studies are unable to represent natural variation.
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Intra‐population variation in male nuptial coloration and diet across anthropogenically altered visual microhabitats in an African cichlid
Abstract Human activities are altering natural ecosystems, leading to widespread environmental change that can vary across spatiotemporal scales, thus creating dynamic, novel conditions at both large and small scales. In highly disturbed aquatic systems, elevated turbidity is one common stressor that alters the sensory environment of fishes and can disrupt communication, including mate choice, driving population‐level shifts in visual communication traits such as nuptial coloration. At a smaller, within‐population scale, we can expect similar adaptive divergence to a heterogeneous visual landscape. Using the cichlid fish,Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor,we investigated within‐population variation in diet and nuptial coloration by sampling fish from microhabitats within a relatively small site (~0.14 km2). These visual microhabitats are affected by different types of human disturbance at a very small scale leading to significant differences in water clarity (i.e. turbidity). We used three, non‐mutually exclusive working hypotheses to test if (1) males in low turbidity invest more in carotenoid‐based coloration (economy of pigments hypothesis), (2) fish from low‐turbidity sites eat more carotenoid‐rich foods (diet hypothesis), and (3) fish are habitat matching. Stomach content analyses revealed relatively high overlap in diet across microhabitats; however, fish from stations with the lowest turbidity consumed relatively more plant material (high in carotenoid content) than fish captured at high‐turbidity stations. Males from clearer waters displayed significantly more carotenoid‐based, red and yellow coloration than fish found in microhabitats with higher turbidity, similar to between‐population color variation in this species. Furthermore, larger fish displayed more carotenoid coloration overall, but there was no difference in mean male size among microhabitats suggesting that fish were not sorting into microhabitats. Our results suggest that within‐population variation in nuptial coloration could be associated with microhabitat heterogeneity in the visual landscape driven by turbidity, a diet with more carotenoid‐rich prey items, or a combination of both.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1656542
- PAR ID:
- 10370241
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley-Blackwell
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Zoology
- Volume:
- 317
- Issue:
- 4
- ISSN:
- 0952-8369
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- p. 294-304
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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