We report on the formation of toluidine blue O (TBO) sulfoxide by a self‐sensitized photooxidation of TBO. Here, the photo
The sensitized photooxidation of
- PAR ID:
- 10371150
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley-Blackwell
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Photochemistry and Photobiology
- Volume:
- 99
- Issue:
- 2
- ISSN:
- 0031-8655
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- p. 637-641
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
More Like this
-
Abstract sulfoxidation process was studied by mass spectrometry (MS) and discussed in the context of photodemethylation processes which both contribute to TBO consumption over time. Analysis of solvent effects with D2O, H2O, and CH3CN along with product yields and MS fragmentation patterns provided mechanistic insight into TBO sulfoxide's formation. The formation of TBO sulfoxide is minor and detectable up to 12% after irradiation of 3 h. The photosulfoxidation process is dependent on oxygen wherein instead of a type II (singlet oxygen,1O2) reaction, a type I reaction involving TBO to reach the TBO sulfoxide is consistent with the results. Density functional theory results point to the formation of the TBO sulfoxide by the oxidation of TBO via transiently formed peroxyl radical or thiadioxirane intermediates. We discover that the TBO photosulfoxidation arises competitively with TBO photodemethylation with the latter leading to formaldehyde formation. -
Abstract Metal thiolate complexes can act as photosensitizers for the generation of singlet oxygen, quenchers of singlet oxygen, and they may undergo chemical reactions with singlet oxygen leading to oxidized thiolate ligands. This review covers all of the chemical reactions of thiolate ligands with singlet oxygen (through early 2021). Since some of these reactions are self‐sensitized photooxidations, singlet oxygen generation by metal complexes is also discussed. Mechanistic features such as the effects of protic vs. aprotic conditions are presented and compared with the comparatively well‐understood photooxidation of organic sulfides. In general, the total rate of singlet oxygen removal correlates with the nucleophilicity of the thiolate ligand which in turn can be influenced by the metal. Some interesting patterns of reactivity have been noted as a result of this survey: Metal thiolate complexes bearing arylthiolate ligands appear to exclusively produce sulfinate (metal‐bound sulfone) products upon reaction with singlet oxygen. In contrast, metal thiolate complexes bearing alkylthiolate ligands may produce sulfinate and/or sulfenate (metal‐bound sulfoxide) products. Several mechanistic pathways have been proposed for these reactions, but the exact nature of any intermediates remains unknown at this time.
-
Abstract We investigated the effect of the cation‐π interaction on the susceptibility of a tryptophan model system toward interaction with singlet oxygen, that is, type II photooxidation. The model system consists of two indole units linked to a lariat crown ether to measure the total rate of removal of singlet oxygen by the indole units in the presence of sodium cations (i.e. indole units subject to a cation‐π interaction) and in the absence of this interaction. We found that the cation‐π interaction significantly decreases the total rate of removal of singlet oxygen (
k T) for the model system, that is, (k T = 2.4 ± 0.2) × 108m −1 s−1without sodium cationvs (k T = 6.9 ± 0.9) × 107m −1 s−1upon complexation of sodium cation to the crown ether. Furthermore, we found that the indole moieties undergo type I photooxidation processes with triplet excited methylene blue; this effect is also inhibited by the cation‐π interaction. The chemical rate of reaction of the indole groups with singlet oxygen is also slower upon complexation of sodium cation in our model system, although we were unable to obtain an exact ratio due to differences of the chemical reaction rates of the two indole moieties. -
Abstract A density functional theoretical (DFT) study is presented, implicating a1O2oxidation process to reach a dihydrobenzofuran from the reaction of the natural homoallylic alcohol, glycocitrine. Our results predict an interconversion between glycocitrine and an
iso ‐hydroperoxide intermediate [R(H)O+– O−] that provides a key path in the chemistry which then follows. Formations of allylic hydroperoxides are unlikely from a1O2‘ene’ reaction. Instead, the dihydrobenzofuran arises by1O2oxidation facilitated by a 16° curvature of the glycocitrine ring imposed by a pyramidalN ‐methyl group. This curvature facilitates the formation of theiso ‐hydroperoxide, which is analogous to theiso species CH2I+– I−and CHI2+– I−formed by UV photolysis of CH2I2and CHI3. Theiso ‐hydroperoxide is also structurally reminiscent of carbonyl oxides (R2C=O+– O−) formed in the reaction of carbenes and oxygen. Our DFT results point to intermolecular process, in which theiso ‐hydroperoxide's fate relates to O‐transfer and H2O dehydration reactions for new insight into the biosynthesis of dihydrobenzofuran natural products. -
Abstract C(1)‐vinylation of [
closo ‐1‐CB9H10]−(A ) and [closo ‐1‐CB11H12]−(B ) with 4‐benzyloxystyryl iodide followed by hydrogenation of the double bond and reductive deprotection of the phenol functionality led to C(1)‐(4‐hydroxyphenethyl) derivatives. The phenol functionality was protected as the acetate. The esters were then treated with PhI(OAc)2and the resulting isomers were separated kinetically (for derivatives of anionA ) or by chromatography (for derivatives of anionB ) giving the difunctionalized building blocks in overall yields of 9 % and 50 %, respectively. A similar series of reactions was performed starting with anionsA andB and 4‐methoxystyryl bromide and iodide. Significant differences in the reactivity of derivatives of the two carborane anions were rationalized with DFT computational results. Application of the difunctionalized carboranes as building blocks was demonstrated through preparation of two ionic liquid crystals. The extensive synthetic work is accompanied by single crystal XRD analysis of six derivatives.