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1. Real-time quality control of optical backscattering data from Biogeochemical-Argo floats

   https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.15047.1  

   Dall'Olmo, Giorgio; Bhaskar TVS, Udaya; Bittig, Henry; Boss, Emmanuel; Brewster, Jodi; Claustre, Hervé; Donnelly, Matt; Maurer, Tanya; Nicholson, David; Paba, Violetta; et al (January 2022, Open Research Europe)

   Background: Biogeochemical-Argo floats are collecting an unprecedented number of profiles of optical backscattering measurements in the global ocean. Backscattering (BBP) data are crucial to understanding ocean particle dynamics and the biological carbon pump. Yet, so far, no procedures have been agreed upon to quality control BBP data in real time. Methods: Here, we present a new suite of real-time quality-control tests and apply them to the current global BBP Argo dataset. The tests were developed by expert BBP users and Argo data managers and have been implemented on a snapshot of the entire Argo dataset. Results: The new tests are able to automatically flag most of the “bad” BBP profiles from the raw dataset. Conclusions: The proposed tests have been approved by the Biogeochemical-Argo Data Management Team and will be implemented by the Argo Data Assembly Centres to deliver real-time quality-controlled profiles of optical backscattering. Provided they reach a pressure of about 1000 dbar, these tests could also be applied to BBP profiles collected by other platforms. 

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2. Real-time quality control of optical backscattering data from Biogeochemical-Argo floats

   https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.15047.2  

   Dall'Olmo, Giorgio; Bhaskar TVS, Udaya; Bittig, Henry; Boss, Emmanuel; Brewster, Jodi; Claustre, Hervé; Donnelly, Matt; Maurer, Tanya; Nicholson, David; Paba, Violetta; et al (January 2022, Open Research Europe)

   Background: Biogeochemical-Argo floats are collecting an unprecedented number of profiles of optical backscattering measurements in the global ocean. Backscattering (BBP) data are crucial to understanding ocean particle dynamics and the biological carbon pump. Yet, so far, no procedures have been agreed upon to quality control BBP data in real time. Methods: Here, we present a new suite of real-time quality-control tests and apply them to the current global BBP Argo dataset. The tests were developed by expert BBP users and Argo data managers and have been implemented on a snapshot of the entire Argo dataset. Results: The new tests are able to automatically flag most of the “bad” BBP profiles from the raw dataset. Conclusions: The proposed tests have been approved by the Biogeochemical-Argo Data Management Team and will be implemented by the Argo Data Assembly Centres to deliver real-time quality-controlled profiles of optical backscattering. Provided they reach a pressure of about 1000 dbar, these tests could also be applied to BBP profiles collected by other platforms. 

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3. Benchmarking of automatic quality control checks for ocean temperature profiles and recommendations for optimal sets

   https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1075510  

   Good, Simon; Mills, Bill; Boyer, Tim; Bringas, Francis; Castelão, Guilherme; Cowley, Rebecca; Goni, Gustavo; Gouretski, Viktor; Domingues, Catia M. (February 2023, Frontiers in Marine Science)

   Millions of in situ ocean temperature profiles have been collected historically using various instrument types with varying sensor accuracy and then assembled into global databases. These are essential to our current understanding of the changing state of the oceans, sea level, Earth’s climate, marine ecosystems and fisheries, and for constraining model projections of future change that underpin mitigation and adaptation solutions. Profiles distributed shortly after collection are also widely used in operational applications such as real-time monitoring and forecasting of the ocean state and weather prediction. Before use in scientific or societal service applications, quality control (QC) procedures need to be applied to flag and ultimately remove erroneous data. Automatic QC (AQC) checks are vital to the timeliness of operational applications and for reducing the volume of dubious data which later require QC processing by a human for delayed mode applications. Despite the large suite of evolving AQC checks developed by institutions worldwide, the most effective set of AQC checks was not known. We have developed a framework to assess the performance of AQC checks, under the auspices of the International Quality Controlled Ocean Database (IQuOD) project. The IQuOD-AQC framework is an open-source collaborative software infrastructure built in Python (available from https://github.com/IQuOD ). Sixty AQC checks have been implemented in this framework. Their performance was benchmarked against three reference datasets which contained a spectrum of instrument types and error modes flagged in their profiles. One of these (a subset of the Quality-controlled Ocean Temperature Archive (QuOTA) dataset that had been manually inspected for quality issues by its creators) was also used to identify optimal sets of AQC checks. Results suggest that the AQC checks are effective for most historical data, but less so in the case of data from Mechanical Bathythermographs (MBTs), and much less effective for Argo data. The optimal AQC sets will be applied to generate quality flags for the next release of the IQuOD dataset. This will further elevate the quality and historical value of millions of temperature profile data which have already been improved by IQuOD intelligent metadata and observational uncertainty information ( https://doi.org/10.7289/v51r6nsf ). 

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4. Water temperature, salinity, and others taken by CTD and Niskin bottles from the research vessel Neil Armstrong in the North Atlantic Ocean during 2020 Ocean Observations Initiative (OOI) Irminger Sea 7 and Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program – Greenland Deep Western Boundary Current, ONSAP-GDWBC, cruise AR46, from 2020-08-08 to 2020-08-26 (NCEI Accession 0252117)

   https://doi.org/10.25921/51b4-ac30  

   McRaven, Leah (January 2022, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information)

   This dataset contains salinity-calibrated Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) data from the 2020 Ocean Observations Initiative (OOI) Irminger Sea 7 and Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program – Greenland Deep Western Boundary Current (ONSAP GDWBC) cruise (AR46). Data quality control methods have been used to assess performance of the CTD instrument. Resulting high-quality profiles were then used together with salinity bottle data analyzed at sea to create a post-cruise salinity-calibrated CTD product. This dataset has been produced as part of an ongoing effort to more fully utilize CTD data collected by OOI Irminger cruises, which have been taking place annually since 2014. The hydrographic data collection facilitated by OOI in the Irminger Sea currently supports science for not only OOI end users, but also international oceanographic research projects, including the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (https://www.o-snap.org/), Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Program (https://usclivar.org/amoc) and BioGeoChemical Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography program (https://biogeochemical-argo.org/index.php). Such programs require a higher-level data product than what OOI provides through its standard data dissemination, and hence a quality controlled, salinity-calibrated data product has been produced. Data are in text formats. 

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5. Water temperature, salinity, and others taken by CTD and Niskin bottles from the research vessel Neil Armstrong, cruise AR60-01, in the North Atlantic from 08-03-2021 to 08-17-2021 (NCEI Accession 0247461)

   https://doi.org/10.25921/p8qe-me08  

   McRaven, Leah (January 2022, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information)

   This dataset contains salinity-calibrated Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) and bottle data from the 2021 Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Irminger Sea 8 cruise of the research vessel Neil Armstrong (AR60-01). Data quality control methods have been used to assess performance of the CTD instrument. Resulting high-quality profiles were then used together with salinity bottle data analyzed at sea to create a post-cruise salinity-calibrated CTD product. This submission has been produced as part of an ongoing effort to more fully utilize CTD data collected by OOI Irminger cruises, which have been taking place annually since 2014. The hydrographic data collection facilitated by OOI in the Irminger Sea currently supports science for not only OOI end users, but also international oceanographic research projects, including the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (https://www.o-snap.org/), Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Program (https://usclivar.org/amoc) and BioGeoChemical Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography program (https://biogeochemical-argo.org). Such programs require a higher-level data product than what OOI provides through its standard data dissemination, and hence a quality controlled, salinity-calibrated data product has been produced. Data are in text format, data description is in PDF. 

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