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Title: Birds can transition between stable and unstable states via wing morphing
Abstract Birds morph their wing shape to accomplish extraordinary manoeuvres 1–4 , which are governed by avian-specific equations of motion. Solving these equations requires information about a bird’s aerodynamic and inertial characteristics 5 . Avian flight research to date has focused on resolving aerodynamic features, whereas inertial properties including centre of gravity and moment of inertia are seldom addressed. Here we use an analytical method to determine the inertial characteristics of 22 species across the full range of elbow and wrist flexion and extension. We find that wing morphing allows birds to substantially change their roll and yaw inertia but has a minimal effect on the position of the centre of gravity. With the addition of inertial characteristics, we derived a novel metric of pitch agility and estimated the static pitch stability, revealing that the agility and static margin ranges are reduced as body mass increases. These results provide quantitative evidence that evolution selects for both stable and unstable flight, in contrast to the prevailing narrative that birds are evolving away from stability 6 . This comprehensive analysis of avian inertial characteristics provides the key features required to establish a theoretical model of avian manoeuvrability.  more » « less
Award ID(s):
1935216
NSF-PAR ID:
10378244
Author(s) / Creator(s):
; ; ; ;
Date Published:
Journal Name:
Nature
Volume:
603
Issue:
7902
ISSN:
0028-0836
Page Range / eLocation ID:
648 to 653
Format(s):
Medium: X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
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