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Abstract The composition of Earth's mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust continuously evolve in response to the dynamic forces of plate tectonics and mantle convection. The classical view of terrestrial geochemistry, where mid‐ocean ridges sample mantle previously depleted by continental crust extraction, broadly explains the composition of the oceanic and continental crust but is potentially inconsistent with observed slab subduction to the lower mantle and oceanic crust accumulation in the deep mantle. We develop a box model to explore the key processes controlling crust‐mantle chemical evolution. The model mimics behaviors observed in thermochemical convection simulations including subducted oceanic crust separating and accumulating in the deep mantle. We demonstrate that oceanic crust accumulation strongly depletes the mantle independently of continental crust extraction. Slab stalling depths and continental crust recycling rates also affect the extent and location of mantle depletion. We constrain model regimes that reproduce oceanic and continental crust compositions using Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. Some regimes deplete the lower mantle more than the upper mantle, contradicting the assumption of a more enriched lower mantle. All regimes require oceanic crust accumulation in the mantle. Though a small fraction of the mantle mass, accumulated oceanic crust can sequester trace element budgets exceeding the continental crust, depleting the mantle more than continental crust extraction alone. Oceanic crust accumulation may therefore be as important as continental crust extraction in depleting the mantle, contradicting the paradigmatic complementarity of depleted mantle and continental crust. Instead, depleted mantle is complementary to continental crust plus sequestered oceanic crust.
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Burying Earth's Primitive Mantle in the Slab Graveyard
Abstract The evolution of mantle composition can be viewed as a process of destruction whereby the initial chemical state is overprinted and reworked with time. Analyses of ocean island basalts reveals that some portion of the mantle has survived this process, retaining a chemically “primitive” signature. A question that remains is how this primitive signature has survived four and a half billion years of vigorous convection. We hypothesize that some of Earth's primitive mantle is buried within a slab graveyard at the core‐mantle boundary. We explore this possibility using high‐resolution finite element models of mantle convection, in which oceanic lithosphere is produced at zones of plate spreading and subducted at zones of plate convergence. Upon subduction, dense oceanic crust sinks to the base of the mantle and gradually accumulates to form broad, robust thermochemical piles. Sinking oceanic crust entrains the surrounding mantle whose composition is predominantly primitive early in the model's evolution. As a result, thermochemical piles are initially supplied with relatively high concentrations of primitive material—summing up to ∼30% their total mass. The dense oceanic crust dominating the piles resists efficient mixing and preserves the primitive material that it is intermingled with. The significance of this process is shown to be proportional the rate of mantle processing through time and the excess density of oceanic crust at mantle pressures and temperatures. Unlike other theories for the survival of Earth's primitive mantle, this one does not require the early Earth to have large‐scale domains of anomalously high density and/or viscosity.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1664642
- PAR ID:
- 10386135
- Publisher / Repository:
- DOI PREFIX: 10.1029
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
- Volume:
- 22
- Issue:
- 3
- ISSN:
- 1525-2027
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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