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1. Optimal Meal Time after Bolusing for Type 1 Diabetes Patients under Meal Uncertainties

   Nandi, Souransu; Singh, Tarunraj (May 2017, 2017 American Control Conference (ACC))

   The focus of this paper is on the characterization of the uncertainties in the evolving states of a diabetic model, to permit a study of the impact of the time interval between insulin bolusing and meal initiation on hypo- and hyperglycemic events. A polynomial chaos based approach is used to characterize the independent uncertainties in the initial condition and meal size. Galerkin projection of the resulting equations reduce the stochastic differential equations to a set of deterministic equations. This forms the framework to optimize for the post bolusing time to initiate the meal. Two cost functions are considered which correspond to the postprandial hypoand hyperglycemic excursions of the blood glucose. Numerical results from the minimal Bergman model suggest a 13 and 14 minute interval between bolusing and the initiation of the meal. 

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2. Eco-Friendly Crowdsourced Meal Delivery: A Dynamic On-Demand Meal Delivery System with a Mixed Fleet of Electric and Gasoline Vehicles

   https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2024.3367621  

   Liu, Haishan; Hao, Peng; Liao, Yejia; Tanvir, Shams; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Barth, Matthew J (January 2024, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems)

   The emerging prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs) in shared mobility services has led to a groundbreaking trend for decarbonizing the shared mobility sector. However, it is still unclear how to maximize the efficiency of EVs to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while maintaining high service quality, particularly considering the ongoing transition towards a fully electrified service fleet. In this paper, focusing on meal delivery, we proposed an eco-friendly on-demand meal delivery (ODMD) system to maximize the utilities of EVs to mitigate GHG emissions and maintain low operational cost and delay cost. The main feature of our system is that its fleet consists of electric and gasoline vehicles mirroring the evolving electrification trend in the shared delivery sector. A rolling horizon framework integrated with the adaptive large neighborhood search (RHALNS) algorithm was proposed to efficiently solve the meal order dispatching and routing problem with the mixed fleet. Three delivery policies were explored in the numerical study. Experiment results demonstrated that it is necessary for online meal delivery platforms to actively collect information of electric vehicles and take initiative to employ an eco-friendly delivery policy. 

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3. MEAL: Model of Empathy Augmented Logistics for Food Security

   https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2025.3590008  

   Park, Seoyeong; Singh, Munindar P (September 2025, IEEE Internet Computing)
4. Host blood meal identity modifies vector gene expression and competency

   https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16413  

   Ring, Kacie; Couper, Lisa I.; Sapiro, Anne L.; Yarza, Fauna; Yang, X. Frank; Clay, Keith; Mateusiak, Chase; Chou, Seemay; Swei, Andrea (January 2022, Molecular Ecology)

   A vector's susceptibility and ability to transmit a pathogen—termed vector competency—determines disease outcomes, yet the ecological factors influencing tick vector competency remain largely unknown. Ixodes pacificus, the tick vector of Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) in the western U.S., feeds on rodents, birds, and lizards. Rodents and birds are reservoirs for Bb and infect juvenile ticks, while lizards are refractory to Bb and cannot infect feeding ticks. Additionally, the lizard bloodmeal contains borreliacidal properties, clearing previously infected feeding ticks of their Bb infection. Despite I. pacificus feeding on a range of hosts, it is undetermined how the host identity of the larval bloodmeal affects future nymphal vector competency. We experimentally evaluate the influence of larval host bloodmeal on Bb acquisition by nymphal I. pacificus. Larval I. pacificus were fed on either lizards or mice and after molting, nymphs were fed on Bb-infected mice. We found that lizard-fed larvae were significantly more likely to become infected with Bb during their next bloodmeal than mouse-fed larvae. We also conducted the first RNA-seq analysis on whole-bodied I. pacificus and found significant upregulation of tick antioxidants and antimicrobial peptides in the lizard-fed group. Our results indicate that the lizard bloodmeal significantly alters vector competency and gene regulation in ticks, highlighting the importance of host bloodmeal identity in vector-borne disease transmission and upends prior notions about the role of lizards in Lyme disease community ecology. 

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5. Tick microbiome and pathogen acquisition altered by host blood meal

   https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2016.152  

   Swei, Andrea; Kwan, Jessica Y (March 2017, The ISME Journal)