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   Protein fold and slow relaxation times impose constraints on configurations sampled by the protein. Incomplete sampling leads to the violation of fluctuation-dissipation relations underlying the traditional theories of electron transfer. The effective reorganization energy of electron transfer is strongly reduced thus leading to lower barriers and faster rates (catalytic effect). Electrochemical kinetic measurements support low activation barriers for protein electron transfer. The distance dependence of the rate constant displays a crossover from a plateau at short distances to a long-distance exponential decay. The transition between these two regimes is controlled by the protein dynamics. 

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   Existing transfer technologies in the construction of film-based electronics and devices are deeply established in the framework of native solid substrates. Here, we report a capillary approach that enables a fast, robust, and reliable transfer of soft films from liquid in a defect-free manner. This capillary transfer is underpinned by the transfer front of dynamic contact among receiver substrate, liquid, and film, and can be well controlled by a selectable motion direction of receiver substrates at a high speed. We demonstrate in extensive experiments, together with theoretical models and computational analysis, the robust capabilities of the capillary transfer using a versatile set of soft films with a broad material diversity of both film and liquid, surface-wetting properties, and complex geometric patterns of soft films onto various solid substrates in a deterministic manner. 

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