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1. Spawning, embryogenesis, settlement, and post‐settlement development of the gorgonian Plexaura homomalla

   https://doi.org/10.1111/ivb.12319  

   Tonra, Kaitlyn J.; Wells, Christopher D.; Lasker, Howard R. (March 2021, Invertebrate Biology)

   Abstract Patterns of population biology and community structure can be studied by looking closely at the ontogeny and reproductive biology of reef‐building organisms. This knowledge is particularly important for Caribbean octocorals, which seem to be more resilient to long‐term environmental change than scleractinian corals and provide some of the same ecological services. We monitored the development of the black sea rod,Plexaura homomalla, a common, widely distributed octocoral on shallow Caribbean reefs, from eggs to three‐polyp colonies over the course of 10 weeks. Gametes were collectedex situon St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, during spawning events that occurred 3–6 days after the July full moon. Cleavage started 3.0 hr after fertilization and was holoblastic, equal, and radial. Embryos were positively buoyant until becoming planulae at 3 days after fertilization. Planulae were competent to settle 4 days after fertilization. Symbiodiniaceae began infecting polyps ~8 days after fertilization. Overall, development was typical for Caribbean octocorals, except for an increase in the number of embryos between 3.5 and 6.0 hr after fertilization. 

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2. Disequilibrium, Adaptation, and the Norse Settlement of Greenland

   https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-018-0020-0  

   Jackson, Rowan; Arneborg, Jette; Dugmore, Andrew; Madsen, Christian; McGovern, Tom; Smiarowski, Konrad; Streeter, Richard (October 2018, Human Ecology)
3. Analysis of the Requirements of Settlement-Free Interconnection Policies

   https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSM.2023.3254367  

   Nikkhah, Ali; Jordan, Scott (January 2023, IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management)

   Peering between two networks may be either settlement-free or paid. In order to qualify for settlement-free peering, large Internet Service Providers (ISPs) require that peers meet certain requirements. However, the academic literature has not yet shown the relationship between these settlement-free peering requirements and the value to each interconnecting network. We develop two models to analyze the value to each network from the most common and important requirements in the United States. Large ISPs in the U.S. often require potential settlement-free peers to interconnect at a minimum of 6-8 locations. We find that there is a substantial benefit from this requirement to the ISP, but little incremental benefit from a larger number of interconnection points. Large ISPs often require that the ratio of incoming traffic to outgoing traffic remain below approximately 2:1. In the case of two interconnecting ISPs, we find that this requirement ensures a roughly equal exchange of value. We also show that it is rational for an ISP to agree to settlement-free peering if the content provider agrees to interconnect at a specified minimum number of interconnection points and to deliver a specified minimum proportion of traffic locally, but a limit on the traffic ratio is irrational. 

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4. Settlement analysis in the context of underground climate change

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2025.100662  

   Thota, Anjali N; Rotta_Loria, Alessandro F (June 2025, Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment)
5. Requirements of Settlement-Free Peering Policies

   https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOBECOM48099.2022.10000611  

   Nikkhah, Ali; Jordan, Scott (December 2022, IEEE)

   Peering between two networks may be either settlement-free or paid. In order to qualify for settlement-free peering, large Internet Service Providers (ISPs) require that peers meet certain requirements. It is widely perceived that these requirements represent the conditions under which the two peering networks perceive a roughly equal exchange of value. However, the academic literature has not yet shown the relationship between these settlement-free peering requirements and the value to each interconnecting network. We analyze the value to each network from the most common and important requirements. Large ISPs often require potential settlement-free peers to interconnect at a minimum of 6-8 locations from a predetermined list. We find that there is a substantial benefit from this requirement to the ISP, but little incremental benefit from a larger number of interconnection points. Large ISPs often require that the ratio of incoming traffic to outgoing traffic remain below approximately 2:1. We find that this requirement ensures a roughly equal exchange of value. 

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